Wong ND, Hsu JC, Detrano RC, Diamond G, Eisenberg H, Gardin JM. Coronary artery calcium evaluation by electron beam computed tomography and its relation to new cardiovascular events. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:495–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rozanski A, Gransar H, Shaw LJ, Kim J, Miranda-Peats L, Wong ND, Rana JS, Orakzai R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Thomson LE. Impact of coronary artery calcium scanning on coronary risk factors and downstream testing: the EISNER (early identification of subclinical atherosclerosis by Noninvasive Imaging Research) prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1622–32.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Malik S, Zhao Y, Budoff M, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS, Bertoni AG, Wong ND. Coronary artery calcium score for long-term risk classification in individuals with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:1332–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Leber AW, Knez A, White CW, Becker A, von Ziegler F, Muehling O, Becker C, Reiser M, Steinbeck G, Boekstegers P. Composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients with acute myocardial infarction and stable angina pectoris determined by contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:714–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Shemesh J, Apter S, Itzchak Y, Motro M. Coronary calcification compared in patients with acute versus in those with chronic coronary events by using dual-sector spiral CT. Radiology. 2003;226:483–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Ehara S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshiyama M, Shimada K, Shimada Y, Fukuda D, Nakamura Y, Yamashita H, Yamagishi H, Takeuchi K, Naruko T. Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;110:3424–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Allison MA, Hsi S, Wassel CL, Morgan C, Ix JH, Wright CM, Criqui MH. Calcified atherosclerosis in different vascular beds and the risk of mortality. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:140–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Blaha MJ, Budoff MJ, Tota-Maharaj R, Dardari ZA, Wong ND, Kronmal RA, Eng J, Post WS, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K. Improving the CAC score by addition of regional measures of calcium distribution: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:1407–16.
Google Scholar
Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Ix JH, McClelland RL, Wassel CL, Rifkin DE, Carr JJ, Budoff MJ, Allison MA. Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2014;311:271–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gottlieb I, Miller JM, Arbab-Zadeh A, Dewey M, Clouse ME, Sara L, Niinuma H, Bush DE, Paul N, Vavere AL, Texter J. The absence of coronary calcification does not exclude obstructive coronary artery disease or the need for revascularization in patients referred for conventional coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:627–34.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cheng VY, Lepor NE, Madyoon H, Eshaghian S, Naraghi AL, Shah PK. Presence and severity of noncalcified coronary plaque on 64-slice computed tomographic coronary angiography in patients with zero and low coronary artery calcium. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:1183–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Niccoli G, Giubilato S, Di Vito L, Leo A, Cosentino N, Pitocco D, Marco V, Ghirlanda G, Prati F, Crea F. Severity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with a first acute coronary event: a diabetes paradox. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:729–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, Greenland P, Jacobs Jr DR, Kronmal R, Liu K, Nelson JC. Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:871–81.
Article
Google Scholar
Carr JJ, Nelson JC, Wong ND, McNitt-Gray M, Arad Y, Jacobs DR Jr, Sidney S, Bild DE, Williams OD, Detrano RC. Calcified coronary artery plaque measurement with cardiac CT in population-based studies. Radiology. 2005;234:35–43.
Article
Google Scholar
Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, Bild DE, Burke G, Folsom AR, Liu K, Shea S, Szklo M, Bluemke DA, O’Leary DH. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1336–45.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’agostino RB, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O’donnell CJ, Robinson JG. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2935–59.
Article
Google Scholar
Kwan AC, May HT, Cater G, Sibley CT, Rosen BD, Lima JA, Rodriguez K, Lappe DL, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, Bluemke DA. Coronary artery plaque volume and obesity in patients with diabetes: the factor-64 study. Radiology. 2014;272:690–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Amano T, Matsubara T, Uetani T, Nanki M, Marui N, Kato M, Arai K, Yokoi K, Ando H, Ishii H, Izawa H. Impact of metabolic syndrome on tissue characteristics of angiographically mild to moderate coronary lesions: integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1149–56.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hitsumoto T, Takahashi M, Iizuka T, Shirai K. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and early stage coronary atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007;14:294–302.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sugiyama T, Yamamoto E, Bryniarski K, Xing L, Fracassi F, Lee H, Jang IK. Coronary plaque characteristics in patients with diabetes mellitus who presented with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e009245.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lim S, Shin H, Lee Y, Won Yoon J, Kang SM, Choi SH, Park KS, Jang HC, Choi SI, Chun EJ. Effect of metabolic syndrome on coronary artery stenosis and plaque characteristics as assessed with 64–detector row cardiac CT. Radiology. 2011;261:437–45.
Article
Google Scholar
Criqui MH, Knox JB, Denenberg JO, Forbang NI, McClelland RL, Novotny TE, Sandfort V, Waalen J, Blaha MJ, Allison MA. Coronary artery calcium volume and density: potential interactions and overall predictive value: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:845–54.
Google Scholar
Raffield LM, Cox AJ, Criqui MH, Hsu FC, Terry JG, Xu J, Freedman BI, Carr JJ, Bowden DW. Associations of coronary artery calcified plaque density with mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:67.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, Braun LT, De Ferranti S, Faiella-Tommasino J, Forman DE, Goldberg R. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/, ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:e285-350.
Article
Google Scholar
Alluri K, Joshi PH, Henry TS, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, Blaha MJ. Scoring of coronary artery calcium scans: history, assumptions, current limitations, and future directions. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239:109–17.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Bertazzo S, Maldonado N, Ruiz JL, Goh W, Yabusaki K, Faits T, Bouten C, Franck G, Quillard T. Genesis and growth of extracellular-vesicle-derived microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Nat Mater. 2016;15:335.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pugliese G, Iacobini C, Fantauzzi CB, Menini S. The dark and bright side of atherosclerotic calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238:220–30.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kataoka Y, Wolski K, Uno K, Puri R, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ. Spotty calcification as a marker of accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis: insights from serial intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1592–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Thomas IC, Shiau B, Denenberg JO, McClelland RL, Greenland P, De Boer IH, Kestenbaum BR, Lin GM, Daniels M, Forbang NI, Rifkin DE. Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with coronary artery calcium volume versus density. Heart. 2018;104:135–43.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Puri R, Nicholls SJ, Shao M, Kataoka Y, Uno K, Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE. Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1273–82.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Terry JG, Carr JJ, Kouba EO, Davis DH, Menon L, Bender K, Chandler ET, Morgan T, Crouse III JR. Effect of simvastatin (80 mg) on coronary and abdominal aortic arterial calcium (from the coronary artery calcification treatment with zocor [CATZ] study). Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:1714–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Patel BS, Paixao AR, Levine BD, Abbara S, Peshock RM, Khera A. Statin use is Associated with Change in Coronary artery CAC density: the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation. 2014;130:A18305-.
Google Scholar
Lee MS, Chun EJ, Kim KJ, Kim JA, Yoo JY, Choi SI. Asymptomatic subjects with zero coronary calcium score: coronary CT angiographic features of plaques in event-prone patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29:29–36.
Article
Google Scholar
Shemesh J, Tenenbaum A, Kopecky KK, Apter S, Rozenman J, Itzchak Y, Motro M. Coronary calcium measurements by double helical computed tomography: using the average instead of peak density algorithm improved reproducibility. Investig Radiol. 1997;32:503–506.