Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, et al: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004, 364: 937-952. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsuji H, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, Levy D: Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994, 90: 878-883.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P, Pool J, Swenne CA, Kromhout D: Heart rate variability from short electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 145: 899-908.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Bruyne MC, Kors JA, Hoes AW, Klootwijk P, Dekker JM, Hofman A, van Bemmel JH, Grobbee DE: Both decreased and increased heart rate variability on the standard 10-second electrocardiogram predict cardiac mortality in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999, 150: 1282-1288.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nolan J, Batin PD, Andrews R, Lindsay SJ, Brooksby P, Mullen M, Baig W, Flapan AD, Cowley A, Prescott RJ, et al: Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart). Circulation. 1998, 98: 1510-1516.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stein PK, Domitrovich PP, Huikuri HV, Kleiger RE: Traditional and nonlinear heart rate variability are each independently associated with mortality after myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005, 16: 13-20. 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2005.04358.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fagard RH, Pardaens K, Staessen JA: Influence of demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics on heart rate and its variability in the population. J Hypertens. 1999, 17: 1589-1599.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuch B, Hense HW, Sinnreich R, Kark JD, von Eckardstein A, Sapoznikov D, Bolte HD: Determinants of short-period heart rate variability in the general population. Cardiology. 2001, 95: 131-138. 10.1159/000047359.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stolarz K, Staessen JA, Kuznetsova T, Tikhonoff V, State D, Babeanu S, Casiglia E, Fagard RH, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Nikitin Y: Host and environmental determinants of heart rate and heart rate variability in four European populations. J Hypertens. 2003, 21: 525-535. 10.1097/00004872-200303000-00018.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hemingway H, Shipley M, Brunner E, Britton A, Malik M, Marmot M: Does autonomic function link social position to coronary risk? The Whitehall II study. Circulation. 2005, 111: 3071-3077. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.497347.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Felber Dietrich D, Schindler C, Schwartz J, Barthelemy JC, Tschopp JM, Roche F, von Eckardstein A, Brandli O, Leuenberger P, Gold DR, et al: Heart rate variability in an ageing population and its association with lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors: results of the SAPALDIA study. Europace. 2006, 8: 521-529. 10.1093/europace/eul063.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Felber Dietrich D, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Gaspoz JM, Barthelemy JC, Tschopp JM, Roche F, von Eckardstein A, Brandli O, Leuenberger P, et al: Effects of passive smoking on heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure: an observational study. Int J Epidemiol. 2007, 36: 834-840. 10.1093/ije/dym031.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stein PK, Barzilay JI, Domitrovich PP, Chaves PM, Gottdiener JS, Heckbert SR, Kronmal RA: The relationship of heart rate and heart rate variability to non-diabetic fasting glucose levels and the metabolic syndrome: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabet Med. 2007, 24: 855-863. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02163.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stein PK, Ehsani AA, Domitrovich PP, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN: Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in healthy older adults. Am Heart J. 1999, 138: 567-576. 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70162-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rennie KL, Hemingway H, Kumari M, Brunner E, Malik M, Marmot M: Effects of moderate and vigorous physical activity on heart rate variability in a British study of civil servants. Am J Epidemiol. 2003, 158: 135-143. 10.1093/aje/kwg120.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schuit AJ, van Amelsvoort LG, Verheij TC, Rijneke RD, Maan AC, Swenne CA, Schouten EG: Exercise training and heart rate variability in older people. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999, 31: 816-821. 10.1097/00005768-199906000-00009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loimaala A, Huikuri H, Oja P, Pasanen M, Vuori I: Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 89: 1825-1829.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uusitalo AL, Laitinen T, Vaisanen SB, Lansimies E, Rauramaa R: Physical training and heart rate and blood pressure variability: a 5-yr randomized trial. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004, 286: H1821-H1826. 10.1152/ajpheart.00600.2003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandercock GR, Bromley PD, Brodie DA: Effects of exercise on heart rate variability: inferences from meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005, 37: 433-439. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000155388.39002.9D.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ziegler D, Zentai C, Perz S, Rathmann W, Haastert B, Meisinger C, Lowel H: Selective contribution of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors to cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the general population. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006, 114: 153-159. 10.1055/s-2006-924083.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Felber Dietrich D, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Schindler C, Barthelemy JC, Brandli O, Gold DR, Knopfli B, Probst-Hensch NM, Roche F, Tschopp JM, et al: Effect of physical activity on heart rate variability in normal weight, overweight and obese subjects: results from the SAPALDIA study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008, 104: 557-565. 10.1007/s00421-008-0800-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kupari M, Virolainen J, Koskinen P, Tikkanen MJ: Short-term heart rate variability and factors modifying the risk of coronary artery disease in a population sample. Am J Cardiol. 1993, 72: 897-903. 10.1016/0002-9149(93)91103-O.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsuji H, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, Levy D: Determinants of heart rate variability. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996, 28: 1539-1546. 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00342-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liao D, Cai J, Rosamond WD, Barnes RW, Hutchinson RG, Whitsel EA, Rautaharju P, Heiss G: Cardiac autonomic function and incident coronary heart disease: a population-based case-cohort study. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 145: 696-706.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, Hansen V, Vesterlund T, Dyerberg J, Toft E, Schmidt EB: Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Circulation. 2001, 103: 651-657.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janszky I, Ericson M, Blom M, Georgiades A, Magnusson JO, Alinagizadeh H, Ahnve S: Wine drinking is associated with increased heart rate variability in women with coronary heart disease. Heart. 2005, 91: 314-318. 10.1136/hrt.2004.035105.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dyerberg J, Eskesen DC, Andersen PW, Astrup A, Buemann B, Christensen JH, Clausen P, Rasmussen BF, Schmidt EB, Tholstrup T, et al: Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004, 58: 1062-1070. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601934.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greiser KH, Kluttig A, Schumann B, Kors JA, Swenne CA, Kuss O, Werdan K, Haerting J: Cardiovascular disease, risk factors and heart rate variability in the elderly general population: design and objectives of the CARdiovascular disease, Living and Ageing in Halle (CARLA) Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005, 5: 33-10.1186/1471-2261-5-33.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Greiser KH, Kluttig A, Schumann B, Swenne CA, Kors JA, Kuss O, Haerting J, Schmidt H, Thiery J, Werdan K: Cardiovascular diseases, risk factors and short-term heart rate variability in an elderly general population: the CARLA study 2002-2006. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009, 24: 123-142. 10.1007/s10654-009-9317-z.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE: A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982, 36: 936-942.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O'Brien WL, Bassett DR, Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, et al: Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32: S498-S504. 10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bühringer G, Augustin R, Bergmann E, Bloomfield K, Funk W, Junge B, Kraus L, Merfert-Diete C, Rumpf HJ, Simon R, et al: Alkoholkonsum und alkoholbezogene Störungen in Deutschland. 2000, Berlin: Das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Google Scholar
Winkler G, Doring A: Validation of a short qualitative food frequency list used in several German large scale surveys. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1998, 37: 234-241.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Bemmel JH, Kors JA, van Herpen G: Methodology of the modular ECG analysis system MEANS. Methods Inf Med. 1990, 29: 346-353.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
ESC/NASPE Task Force: Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996, 93: 1043-1065.
Article
Google Scholar
Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM: Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 1999, 10: 37-48. 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greenland S: Avoiding power loss associated with categorization and ordinal scores in dose-response and trend analysis. Epidemiology. 1995, 6: 450-454. 10.1097/00001648-199507000-00025.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ: Generalized Additive Models. 1990, London: Chapman & Hall
Google Scholar
Shephard RJ: Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br J Sports Med. 2003, 37: 197-206. 10.1136/bjsm.37.3.197.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ferrari P, Friedenreich C, Matthews CE: The role of measurement error in estimating levels of physical activity. Am J Epidemiol. 2007, 166: 832-840. 10.1093/aje/kwm148.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pols MA, Peeters PH, Kemper HC, Collette HJ: Repeatability and relative validity of two physical activity questionnaires in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996, 28: 1020-1025.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuss O, Schumann B, Kluttig A, Greiser KH, Haerting J: Time domain parameters can be estimated with less statistical error than frequency domain parameters in the analysis of heart rate variability. J Electrocardiol. 2008, 41: 287-291. 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2008.02.014.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandercock GR, Bromley PD, Brodie DA: The reliability of short-term measurements of heart rate variability. Int J Cardiol. 2005, 103: 238-247. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.09.013.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Earnest CP, Lavie CJ, Blair SN, Church TS: Heart rate variability characteristics in sedentary postmenopausal women following six months of exercise training: the DREW study. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3: e2288-10.1371/journal.pone.0002288.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perini R, Fisher N, Veicsteinas A, Pendergast DR: Aerobic training and cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in older men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002, 34: 700-708. 10.1097/00005768-200204000-00022.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roach D, Wilson W, Ritchie D, Sheldon R: Dissection of long-range heart rate variability: controlled induction of prognostic measures by activity in the laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 43: 2271-2277. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.050.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Christensen JH, Christensen MS, Dyerberg J, Schmidt EB: Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70: 331-337.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kupper NH, Willemsen G, van den BM, de Boer D, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJ: Heritability of ambulatory heart rate variability. Circulation. 2004, 110: 2792-2796. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000146334.96820.6E.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singh JP, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Tsuji H, Evans JC, Levy D: Heritability of heart rate variability: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1999, 99: 2251-2254.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uusitalo AL, Vanninen E, Levalahti E, Battie MC, Videman T, Kaprio J: Role of genetic and environmental influences on heart rate variability in middle-aged men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007, 293: H1013-H1022. 10.1152/ajpheart.00475.2006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar