Skip to main content
Download PDF

Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus: case report and literature review

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 21, Article number: 615 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Loeffler endocarditis is a relatively rare and potentially life-threatening heart disease. This study aimed to identify the characteristic features of Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus on a background of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES).

Case presentation

We described a 57-year-old woman with Loeffler endocarditis and intracardiac thrombus initially presenting with neurological symptoms, who had an embolic stroke in the setting of HES. After cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), corticosteroids and warfarin were administered to control eosinophilia and thrombi, respectively. During a 10-month follow-up, the patient performed relatively well, with no adverse events. We also systematically searched PubMed and Embase for cases of Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus published until July 2021. A total of 32 studies were eligible and included in our analysis. Further, 36.4% of recruited patients developed thromboembolic complications, and the mortality rate was relatively high (27.3%). CMR was a powerful noninvasive modality in providing diagnostic and follow-up information in these patients. Steroids were administered in 81.8% of patients, achieving a rapid decrease in the eosinophil count. Also, 69.7% of patients were treated with anticoagulant therapy, and the thrombus was completely resolved in 42.4% of patients. Heart failure and patients not treated with anticoagulation were associated with poor outcomes.

Conclusions

Cardiac involvement in HES, especially Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus, carries a pessimistic prognosis and significant mortality. Early steroids and anticoagulation therapy may be beneficial once a working diagnosis is established. Further studies are needed to provide evidence-based evidence for managing this uncommon manifestation of HES.

Peer Review reports

Background

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disorder characterized by the elevation of blood eosinophil count (> 1.5 × 109/L) and multiple-organ involvement directly attributable to eosinophilia [1]. Loeffler endocarditis involves the abnormal infiltration of eosinophils into the endomyocardium, with subsequent tissue damage and fibrosis resulting from eosinophil degranulation, eventually leading to impaired diastolic function and restrictive ventricular filling [2]. It is divided into three pathological stages: necrotic stage, thrombotic stage, and fibrotic stage [3]. Notably, systemic thromboembolic events after mural thrombus formation and cardiac manifestations are considered to be common causes of morbidity and mortality in HES [4]. Considering the less recognized and high in-hospital mortality of patients with Loeffler endocarditis, data regarding their clinical presentations, courses, and outcomes remain uncertain. Furthermore, some evidence supports the effectiveness of steroids [5]. However, the guidelines and consensus statements regarding the treatment of Loeffler endocarditis are not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to present an unusual case of Loeffler endocarditis and intracardiac thrombus that caused cerebral embolic infarctions, and to conduct a systematic review on published cases of Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus, summarizing clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes.

Case presentation

A 57-year-old woman with a known history of asthma and rheumatoid arthritis was admitted to the hospital after presenting with a headache and dyspnea for 1 week. The neurological examination showed vague speech, mild dysarthria, and limb muscle strength level 3. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging showed multifocal acute-to-subacute ischemic lesions widely distributed over the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres and thalamus and parenchymal hemorrhage (Fig. 1). The initial laboratory findings were as follows: the white blood cell count was 20.43 × 109 (normal range, 4–10 × 109/L), with increased peripheral eosinophilia at 12.04 × 109/L (normal range, 0.05–0.50 × 109/L). Other inflammatory parameters showed an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 79 mm/h (normal range, 0–20 mm/h) and a C-reactive protein level of 95.4 mg/L (normal range, 0–8 mg/L). The patient was also positive for the anti-antineutrophilic perinuclear antibody (pANCA). Other specific markers related to autoimmune diseases, such as anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm, rheumatoid factorare were all negative. Her travel history was unremarkable. Her hospital course was further complicated by severe shortness of breath and elevated cardiac enzyme levels (cTnI: 14.10 ng/mL, CK-MB: 41.9 U/L, NT-proBNP: 28,700 ng/mL), which prompted an extensive cardiac workup. The electrocardiogram showed T-wave inversions in leads II, III, and aVF (Fig. 2). Two-dimensional echocardiography (Fig. 3A) showed that the systolic function of the heart was within the normal range, which was found to be 59% by the Simpson method. A thickened left ventricular (LV) endocardium with markedly solid echo could be seen, and a diagnosis of LV thrombus formation was suggested. Severe mitral regurgitation and moderate tricuspid regurgitation were noted. A small amount of pericardial fluid was also present (4.6 mm). We further excluded other causes of eosinophilia, such as malignancy, autoimmune diseases, and drug reactions. The parasites were negative in stool culture. In the peripheral blood smear, most of the granulocytes were normal, with no clonal proliferation or primordial cells. Further diagnostic clarification was required. The cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) confirmed the presence of a thrombus measuring approximately 1.5 × 1.7 cm in the apex of the LV, which, we believed, was the source of cerebral embolization. Gadolinium-enhanced CMR showed striated delayed enhancement between the apex and the papillary muscles restricted to the endocardium, with decreased diastolic function (Fig. 4), which was consistent with extensive endomyocardial fibrosis. Endocardial biopsy was recommended as the diagnostic gold standard to verify the histopathologic features. However, considering the risk of this invasive operation, the patient refused.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Brain magnetic resonance imaging. A Diffuse-weighted image (DWI), B apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map, C T2-weighted image, and D fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image. Multifocal lesions of high intensity on DWI and ADC maps showed low values. There were multiple T2 high signal lesions in bilateral cerebral white matter

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Electrocardiogram: normal sinus rhythm, T wave inversion in leads II, III, aVF, V3,V4, V5, V6

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

A Apical four-chamber view of the transthoracic echocardiogram showing thickened left ventricular endocardium and left ventricular thrombus formation (red circle). B Ten-month follow-up echocardiographic imaging after treatment showing thickening of the left ventricular apex and suspicion of apical thrombus

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

A, C Early gadolinium enhancement imaging demonstrating a hypointense filling defect at the left ventricular apex. B, D Late gadolinium enhancement imaging demonstrating a large left ventricular apical thrombus and hyperenhancement indicative of endomyocardial fibrosis

Full size image

Based on the diagnosis of Loeffler endocarditis with LV thrombus, an intravenous bolus of a corticosteroid [prednisolone 1 mg/(kg·day)] was initiated, followed by 40 mg per day orally, which was prescribed as a definitive line of therapy. The blood tests showed significantly decreased eosinophil counts and percentages after another 2 days, along with a normalized cTnT level. The patient was treated with rivaroxaban to dissolve the thrombus, but the thrombus did not shrink after 3 months. Then, warfarin was added as antithrombotic therapy until follow-up. She was doing relatively well, and no adverse events occurred during a 10-month follow-up period. The echocardiography showed apical hypertrophy, and a suspected thrombus still existed (Fig. 3B). Therefore, CMR (Fig. 5) was repeated, which revealed the complete resolution of the apical thrombus and apical hypertrophy. However, no clear regression of endomyocardial fibrosis was observed. The timeline table is shown in Table 1.

Fig. 5
figure 5

At the 10-month follow-up, early and late gadolinium enhancement imaging demonstrating left ventricular apical thrombus resolution and endomyocardial fibrosis still existing after treatment

Full size image
Table 1 Time line table from presentation to the last follow up
Full size table

Literature search strategy

For the literature review, we searched the PubMed and Embase for relevant studies, including all case reports and case series, published until June 1, 2021. The database was created using the search phrases “Loeffler endocarditis,” “hypereosinophilic syndrome,” and “thrombus.” Studies that described Loeffler endocarditis related to thrombus formation were selected. Patients with specific diseases, including tropical endomyocardial fibrosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, eosinophilic pneumonia, and clear heart disease combined with thrombus, were excluded. Cases were selected only if sufficient data were available for each case series. Two authors extracted and verified the data independently, and any differences were resolved through discussion. A total of 33 cases were identified. We also used the reference lists of articles published in English for the manual search. The clinical characteristics, complete blood counts, echocardiograms, CMR, treatment monitoring, and clinical follow-up were reviewed.

Results

We initially identified 477 articles using the aforementioned search strategy. A total of 33 [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] cases of Loeffler endocarditis associated with endoventricular thrombus were found. The epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes are summarized in Table 2. The incidence of embolic stroke was 36.4% among patients with thrombi. The median age of patients was 44 years (IQR: 26–60 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 13:20. At admission, the most common presenting complaint was dyspnea (63.64%), followed by fever (30.30%), nervous system symptoms (18.18%), chest pain (15.15%), fatigue (15.15%), abdominal symptoms (12.12%), cough (6.06%), and palpitations (6.06%). At presentation, 82.0% of cases presented with an unremarkable electrocardiogram, and 24.24% of cases had increased troponin levels. Subsequently, common echocardiographic findings included mitral regurgitation (42.42%) and aortic regurgitation (4%); 15% of patients had the involvement of two valves. A large number of cardiac structures were affected in these patients; however, the ejection fraction was well maintained. Pericardial effusions were observed in 18.18% of patients. Myocardial fibrosis and endoventricular thrombus were usually detected using delayed-enhancement gadolinium imaging. In terms of management, steroid therapy was the most common therapeutic modality (81.8%), and immunosuppression was added in three cases (10%).

Table 2 Clinical summary of the 33 cases of loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus
Full size table

In most patients, warfarin was started simultaneously for anticoagulant therapy. Patients who had Loeffler endocarditis with evidence of intracardiac thrombus detected by echocardiography or CMR, and one patient taking warfarin, had bleeding. One (3.1%) patient (3.1%) [26] received heart transplantation, whereas two (6.1%) patients [15, 18] underwent surgical excision of right ventricular (RV) and LV thrombus and fibrosis and mitral valve replacement. Eight patients died from cerebral embolus [28, 34, 37] (37.5%), heart failure [31, 36] (25%), and bacterial sepsis [12, 15, 36] (37.5%). The cause of death was not clarified in one patient. Three patients [18, 26, 31] were readmitted with severe congestive heart failure. Heart failure (P = 0.008) and the absence of anticoagulation treatment (P = 0.021) were more common pessimistic outcomes (Table 3). The thrombus was completely resolved in 42.4% of patients, and no further events were reported after the hospital discharge follow-up.

Table 3 Comparison between those with favorable and poor outcomes (2 cases not available)
Full size table

Discussion and conclusion

We described a case presenting with embolic strokes secondary to Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus. Also, we provided data based on a series of published cases to summarize the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcomes of patients with intracardiac thrombus-proven Loeffler endocarditis. The mortality was found to be high (27.3%) in these recruited patients, and patients with heart failure and those without anticoagulation treatment were associated with poor outcomes.

Cardiac involvement was frequently reported to be related to Loeffler endocarditis in HES, which was characterized by eosinophilic myocardial infiltration and necrosis in the acute necrotic stage. This damage was followed by a chronic fibrotic stage that involved the formation of an intracardiac thrombus with a frequent preference for the apex. This eventually led to restrictive cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure, which portended an unfavorable prognosis. Our results showed that patients who had Loeffler endocarditis with endoventricular thrombus had a wide age distribution; the disease occurred in patients aged as young as 4 years and as old as 74 years. Women were often more affected than men. Elevated serum troponin levels were found both in the case we described and in most cases we recruited. This might be due to the release of toxic cationic proteins from degranulating eosinophils or pump failure or vascular damage caused by myocardial necrosis [38]. Cardiac markers might be sensitive indicators of persistent eosinophils related to myocardial damage [39]. In addition, echocardiography can provide useful information, such as endomyocardial thickening, left and RV thrombus formation, and valvular regurgitation [40]. Of note, Loeffler endocarditis with a small thrombus in the thrombolysis stage might be difficult to diagnose using echocardiography and is sometimes confused with apical hypertrophy, such as that in our case. CMR can clearly identify apical thrombus and diffuse subendocardial fibrosis [41]. Consistent with a significant number of patients, the diagnosis of our case depended on the presence of HES in combination with cardiac involvement on CMR. Hence, if the diagnosis of Loeffler endocarditis with thrombus is under suspicion, CMR is quite informative. Endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard but is fraught with risks, such as sampling errors or iatrogenic embolism [42]. Furthermore, the presence of intracardiac thrombus can increase the risk of thromboembolism during an endomyocardial biopsy.

The goals for the treatment of Loeffler endocarditis are to reduce potentially eosinophil-mediated end-organ damage and prevent adverse thrombotic events. Our limited literature showed that 33.3% of patients who had Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus developed thromboembolic complications, and the mortality rate was 27.3%. Previous studies showed that thromboembolic disorders associated with Loeffler endocarditis were particularly difficult to control, despite anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, and embolic complications still appeared. One mechanism might involve the release of eosinophilic granular proteins from eosinophils [43], which could neutralize thrombomodulin via electrostatic binding, resulting in thromboembolism. Consistent with the aforementioned findings, thrombus regression occurred in 14 patients (42.4%) after treatment with heparin or vitamin K antagonists both in our reported patient and patients included in this review. The risks of embolic events and mortality in these patients were much higher than those in patients with LVT caused by acute myocardial infarction; however, the rate of thrombus resolution in the recruited patients was relatively lower [44, 45]. The poor outcome suggests that once we identify patients with LVT in clinical practice, HES with cardiac involvement should be taken into consideration. Consistent with our case, several case series demonstrated that most patients who received steroid therapy had hematologically normalized eosinophilia, and cardiac symptoms improved significantly. However, determining the preferred therapy other than corticosteroid therapy as the initial treatment of patients was also the essential step, such as patients with known imatinib-sensitive mutations and myeloproliferative HES. Additional immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, as well as other cytotoxic agents or interferon-alpha, is usually reserved for patients with corticosteroid treatment failure. In our study, although one patient received endomyocardial stripping treatment, unfortunately, hypereosinophilia relapsed after 2.5 years. Valve replacement for five patients with severe valvular regurgitation provided considerable benefits. Limited experience with valve replacement/repair and endomyocardial stripping in Loeffler’s study. In addition, consistent with other cases, our study showed that warfarin might have a clear therapeutic benefit in anticoagulation for Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus.

Our study was limited by the small number of patients. Also, all data were derived from published cases, leading to publication bias. However, keeping in mind the rarity of Loeffler endocarditis, large-scale prospective or retrospective studies might be more difficult to conduct. Furthermore, the real mortality rate remains difficult to estimate, and cases not critical or with nonspecific symptoms are recorded at a lower rate. Therefore, mortality might be overestimated.

Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus is rare, but the mortality is high. Our study highlighted the importance of CMR in establishing the diagnosis and monitoring treatment in Loeffler endocarditis. Early treatment with corticosteroids after excluding secondary causes without delay may be beneficial for these patients. In addition, late recurrence may occur, and long-term follow-up is required.

Availability of data and materials

All the data discussed in the manuscript are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

HES:

Hypereosinophilic syndrome

LV:

Left ventricular

RV:

Right ventricular

References

  1. Valent P, Klion AD, Horny HP, Roufosse F, Gotlib J, Weller PF, et al. Contemporary consensus proposal on criteria and classification of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(3):607-12.e9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Alam A, Thampi S, Saba SG, Jermyn R. Loeffler endocarditis: a unique presentation of right-sided heart failure due to eosinophil-induced endomyocardial fibrosis. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2017;10:1179547617723643. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179547617723643.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Mankad R, Bonnichsen C, Mankad S. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: cardiac diagnosis and management. Heart. 2016;102(2):100–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Podjasek JC, Butterfield JH. Mortality in hypereosinophilic syndrome: 19 years of experience at Mayo Clinic with a review of the literature. Leuk Res. 2013;37(4):392–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, et al. European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636–48, 2648a–2648d. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht210.

  6. Lin WC, Huang KC, Hsiung MC, Feng AN. Loeffler’s endocarditis in a patient with a new diagnosed Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS): a case report. Caspian J Intern Med. 2021;12(1):107–10. https://doi.org/10.22088/cjim.12.1.107.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Hwang JW, Kim H, Cho SW, Shin YC, Kim HS, Cho YJ, et al. Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with intracardiac atypical linear-shaped and floating thrombus presenting as embolic cerebral infarction. J Cardiol Cases. 2020;23(5):193–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Demetriades P, Speke L, Wilson L, Khan JN. When multimodality cardiac imaging saves the day: rare cause of embolic strokes. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(1): e232786. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-232786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Afzal S, Ahmed T, Saleem T, Chan A. Loeffler’s endocarditis and the diagnostic utility of multimodality imaging. Cureus. 2020;12(8): e10061. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10061.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Morgan H, Zaidi A, Anderson R, Goodfellow R, Ellis G. New breathlessness in a young patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2019;80(10):612–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kumar P, Chandrashekhara SH, Kumar S, Malhi AS. Loeffler’s endocarditis with isolated left ventricular involvement on cardiac MRI. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(4): e227642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227642.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kalra DK, Park J, Hemu M, Goldberg A. Loeffler endocarditis: a diagnosis made with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;27(1):70–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dufour M, Cochet H. Both left ventricular papillary muscles necrosis, an eosinophylic lymphoblastic leukemia revealed by endomyocardial fibrosis. Presse Med. 2018;47(2):185–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim DS, Lee S, Choi CW. Loeffler endocarditis in chronic eosinophilic leukemia with FIP1L1/PDGFRA rearrangement: full recovery with low dose imatinib. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(3):642–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Massin MM, Jacquemart C, Damry N. Paediatric presentation of cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome. Cardiol Young. 2017;27(1):186–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ammirati E, Sirico D, Brevetti L, Scudiero L, Artioli D, Pedrotti P, et al. The key clues to reach the diagnosis of Loeffler endomyocardial fibrosis associated with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2017;18(10):831–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Casavecchia G, Gravina M, Correale M, Totaro A, Macarini L, Di Biase M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis and follow-up of Loeffler’s endocarditis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(3):1055–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wright BL, Butterfield JH, Leiferman KM, Gleich GJ. Development of eosinophilic endomyocardial disease in a patient with episodic angioedema and eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(2):336–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Tsugu T, Nagatomo Y, Yamada Y, Mahara K, Miura H, Murata M. The significance of early screening with echocardiography in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. J Med Ultrason. 2016;43(4):527–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-016-0728-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Tai CP, Chung T, Avasarala K. Endomyocardial fibrosis and mural thrombus in a 4-year-old girl due to idiopathic hypereosinophilia syndrome described with serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiol Young. 2016;26(1):168–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Saito Y, Okada S, Funabashi N, Kobayashi Y. ANCA-negative eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA) manifesting as a large intracardiac thrombus and glomerulonephritis with angionecrosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216520. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-216520.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Gupta A, Ananthakrishna R, Rao DPV, Bhat P, Nanjappa MC. Hematological dyspnea: a rare cause with gratifying recovery. J Cardiol Cases. 2015;12(3):83–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kharabish A, Haroun D. Cardiac MRI findings of endomyocardial fibrosis (Loeffler’s endocarditis) in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Saudi Heart Assoc. 2015;27(2):127–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Van Dongen IM, van Kraaij DJW, Schalla S, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Driessen RGH. Severe mitral regurgitation caused by eosinophilic endocarditis. J Cardiol Cases. 2014;10(3):108–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee KG, Chuah MB, Tang HC, Chua TS. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with large intracardiac thrombus. Singapore Med J. 2014;55(8):e129–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Thaden J, Cassar A, Vaa B, Phillips S, Burkhart H, Aubry M, Nishimura R. Eosinophilic endocarditis and Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(3):461–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Koneru S, Koshy G, Sharp C, Khalafallah AA. Hypereosinophilic syndrome associated with ulcerative colitis presenting with recurrent Loeffler’s endocarditis and left ventricular thrombus treated successfully with immune suppressive therapy and anticoagulation. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr201320019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-200919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Francone M, Iacucci I, Mangia M, Carbone I. Endomyocardial disease related to idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: a cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31(6):921–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Coelho-Filho OR, Mongeon FP, Mitchell RN, Blankstein R, Jerosch-Herold M, Kwong RY. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Löffler endocarditis presenting with recurrent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia diagnosed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2010;122(1):96–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hilty KC, Koonce A, Ston W, Ramos-Duran R, Pyle LL, Batalis I, Taylor H. The role of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis and management of Loeffler’s endocarditis: a case report with clinical and pathologic correlation. Open Cardiovasc Imaging J. 2010;2:10–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Amini R, Nielsen C. Eosinophilic myocarditis mimicking acute coronary syndrome secondary to idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2010;4:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-4-40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Chang SA, Kim HK, Park EA, Kim YJ, Sohn DW. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Loeffler endocarditis mimicking apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2009;120(1):82–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lin CH, Chang WN, Chua S, Ko SF, Shih LY, Huang CW, et al. Idiopathic hypereosinophilia syndrome with loeffler endocarditis, embolic cerebral infarction, and left hydranencephaly: a case report. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2009;18(3):207–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tanaka H, Kawai H, Tatsumi K, Kataoka T, Onishi T, Nose T, et al. Surgical treatment for Löffler’s endocarditis with left ventricular thrombus and severe mitral regurgitation: a case report. J Cardiol. 2006;47(4):207–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Uçar O, Gölbaşi Z, Yildirim N. Two cases of endomyocardial disease with hypereosinophilia in Turkey. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2005;6(5):379–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Salanitri GC. Endomyocardial fibrosis and intracardiac thrombus occurring in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(5):1432–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kocaturk H, Yilmaz M. Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome associated with multiple intracardiac thrombi. Echocardiography. 2005;22(8):675–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kleinfeldt T, Nienaber CA, Kische S, Akin I, Turan RG, Körber T, et al. Cardiac manifestation of the hypereosinophilic syndrome: new insights. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99(7):419–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Klion AD, Noel P, Akin C, Law MA, Gilliland DG, Cools J, et al. Elevated serum tryptase levels identify a subset of patients with a myeloproliferative variant of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome associated with tissue fibrosis, poor prognosis, and imatinib responsiveness. Blood. 2003;101(12):4660–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ommen SR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Clinical and echocardiographic features of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(1):110–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Syed IS, Martinez MW, Feng DL, Glockner JF. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of eosinophilic endomyocardial disease. Int J Cardiol. 2008;126(3):e50–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Fauci AS, Harley JB, Roberts WC, Ferrans VJ, Gralnick HR, et al. NIH conference. The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(1):78–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mukai HY, Ninomiya H, Ohtani K, Nagasawa T, Abe T. Major basic protein binding to thrombomodulin potentially contributes to the thrombosis in patients with eosinophilia. Br J Haematol. 1995;90(4):892–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang Z, Si D, Zhang Q, Qu M, Yu M, Jiang Z, et al. Rivaroxaban versus Vitamin K Antagonists (warfarin) based on the triple therapy for left ventricular thrombus after ST-Elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-021-01921-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Chen PF, Tang L, Yi JL, Pei JY, Hu XQ. The prognostic effect of left ventricular thrombus formation after acute myocardial infarction in the contemporary era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;73:43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from Science and Technology of Jilin Province (20210204199YY and 20200801076GH). The funding body had no role in the design or writing of the study.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Qian Zhang and Daoyuan Si both are the first authors

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Xiantai Street No. 126, Changchun, Jilin, China

    Qian Zhang, Daoyuan Si, Zhongfan Zhang & Wenqi Zhang

Authors
  1. Qian Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daoyuan Si
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhongfan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wenqi Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

QZ cared for the patient and drafted the manuscript. ZZ performed the literature search and analysed the data, DS critically revised the manuscript, and WZ provided consultation and coordination of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wenqi Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This case report was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University. The patient consented to participate the study.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for publication.

Competing interests

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, Q., Si, D., Zhang, Z. et al. Loeffler endocarditis with intracardiac thrombus: case report and literature review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 21, 615 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02443-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02443-2

Keywords

  • Case report
  • Eosinophilia
  • Hypereosinophilic syndrome
  • Intracardiac thrombus
  • Loeffler endocarditis

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

Contact us