Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

FGF-23 correlates with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation, worse cardiac and renal function, inflammation level, stenosis degree, and independently predicts in-stent restenosis risk in coronary heart disease patients underwent drug-eluting-stent PCI

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 21, Article number: 24 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The present study aimed to assess the correlation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 expression with clinical characteristics, then further explore its value in predicting 2-year in-stent restenosis (ISR) risk in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES).

Methods

In this prospective, single-center, observational study, totally 214 CHD patients treated by PCI with DES were consecutively recruited, and peripheral blood samples were collected prior to PCI with DES for serum samples isolation. Following, FGF-23 level in the serum samples was detected via enzyme linked-immuno-sorbent Assay. The follow-up coronary angiography was performed at 1 year and 2 years after PCI or if suspected ISR symptoms occurred.

Results

FGF-23 was positively correlated with fasting blood-glucose, insulin resistance, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, LDL-C, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin I and N-terminal-proB-type natriuretic peptide, while was negatively associated with HDL-C and left ventricular ejection fraction (all P < 0.01). Furthermore, FGF-23 was positively correlated with hypercholesteremia, hyperuricemia and family history of CAD (all P < 0.05). However, it did not correlate with other chronic complications, biochemical indexes, lesion features or PCI parameters (all P > 0.05). Moreover, FGF-23 level was higher in 2-year ISR patients (n = 38) compared to 2-year non-ISR patients (n = 176) (P < 0.001), and receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that FGF-23 was of good value in predicting 2-year ISR risk (AUC 0.828, 95% CI 0.761–0.896).

Conclusion

FGF-23 correlates with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation, worse cardiac and renal function, inflammation level, stenosis degree of target lesion, and serves as an independent risk factor for 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES.

Peer Review reports

Background

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains to be the major contributor of mortality and is responsible for one third of all deaths worldwide [1, 2]. Recently, despite the standard treatment of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in CHD patients, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation has been recommended as a valid alternative routine treatment approach for revascularization in increasing proportion of CHD patients [3, 4]. Although PCI with DES implantation effectively alleviates stenosis of targeted coronary artery lesions and lowers the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE), in-stent restenosis (ISR) continues to be a serious complication with the incidence of 5%-20% within 5 years [5, 6]. Therefore, it is essential to discover novel biomarkers for predicting ISR risk to sustain long-term efficacy in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, a member of FGF family, is an endocrine hormone correlates with calcium-phosphate homoeostasis, which is primarily expressed and secreted by osteocytes [7]. Initially, FGF-23 is reported to be implicated in the regulation of phosphatemia and mineral metabolism via interacting with its co-receptor klotho in kidney, and growing recent clinical evidences demonstrate the regulatory role of FGF-23 in diverse pathological processes of cardiovascular diseases (such as: coronary artery stenosis, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac injury, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification) and potential of FGF-23 as a clinical biomarker for predicting higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes [8,9,10]. For example, FGF-23 is associated with accelerated plaque calcification as well as advanced severity of atherosclerosis in terms of vascular plaque burden, and it functions as a risk factor for coronary artery stenosis as well as adverse cardiovascular outcomes in CHD patients [11]. In addition, one clinical study reveals that FGF-23 is associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness, left ventricular mass, unfavorable cardiac function, and serves as an indicator for atherosclerosis in patients with gestational diabetes [12]. The aforementioned data suggests the contribution of FGF-23 on development of cardiovascular injury and coronary stenosis, therefore, we hypothesized that FGF-23 might be also correlated with ISR risk in CHD patients treated by PCI with DES, however, study related to the predictive potential of FGF-23 in ISR risk has not been conducted yet. The present study was conducted to detect the correlation of FGF-23 expression with clinical characteristics, and further to explore its value in predicting 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES.

Methods

Study population

In this prospective, single-center, observational study, 214 CHD patients treated by PCI with DES in The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2016 and June 2018 were consecutively recruited. The inclusion criteria were: (1) diagnosed to be CHD; (2) age ≥ 45 years old; (3) suitable for PCI with DES; (4) willing to provide blood samples for study; (5) able to be regularly followed up. The exclusion criteria included: (1) history of PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting, or other cardiovascular surgery; (2) history of heart transplantation before study; (3) complicated with other heart diseases; (4) active infection or inflammation; (5) severe dysfunction in liver or kidney; (6) history of hematological system diseases or malignancies; (7) pregnant or lactating female patients. This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, and all patients signed the informed consents.

Clinical data collection

Patients’ age, gender and body mass index (BMI) were collected from basic inquiring and examination. The current smoke status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, hyperuricemia, and family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were collected by history taking. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated after measurement of blood pressure. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated by ultrasonic cardiogram. Following indexes were documented after general examination and biochemical test: biochemical index (fasting blood-glucose (FBG), insulin resistance index (IRI) [13], glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, serum creatinine (Scr) and serum uric acid (SUA), cardiac troponin I (cTnl) and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Lesion features were obtained by image examination, which included multivessel artery lesions, location of target lesion, two target lesions, stenosis degree of target lesion and length of target lesion. In addition, PCI parameters including length of stent, diameter of stent, time of stent dilation and balloon dilation pre stent, and drug management (aspirin, nitrates, statins, β receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and calcium channel blockers) were documented after operation. In addition, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the incidence of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were also documented.

Sampling and quantitative determination

Peripheral blood samples of enrolled patients were collected using promoting coagulating tubes before PCI with DES. After collecting, the samples were placed at room temperature to clot for 15 min, then serum samples were isolated by centrifuging at 1000×g for 15 min in a refrigerated centrifuge. The FGF-23 level in the serum samples was detected using Human FGF-23 Enzyme Linked-Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, USA). The Human FGF-23 ELISA kit presented with analytical sensitivity of 300 pg/mL with an assay range of 300–7500 pg/mL. The sample preparation, standards diluting and ELISA performing were carried out in accordance with the kit instructions (available on: https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/manuals/EH189RB.pdf). The absorbance of each plate was obtained at 450 nm within 30 min after adding the Stop Solution. Standard curve was generated using curve-fitting software, and concentration for unknown samples and control was read from the standard curve.

Follow-up and ISR assessment

The PCI procedures, DES implantation and postoperative management were performed according to PCI guideline [14]. During hospitalization, coronary angiography was conducted before PCI and immediately post PCI. After discharge, follow-up coronary angiography was performed at 1 year after PCI and 2 years after PCI. Meanwhile, coronary angiography was also performed if suspected ISR symptoms occurred during follow-up. The ISR was assessed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), and the procedures of QCA were carried out according to previous studies [15, 16]. In brief, after administration of intracoronary nitroglycerin (100 to 300 µg), standard angiographic images were obtained so that each coronary segment was recorded in at least 2 orthogonal views. Images were recorded either on a DICOM-formatted CD or on cine film. For restenosis assessment, a projected diameter was defined by projecting the object with a parallel light source and calculating the length of the shadow on a plane, which was perpendicular to the light source. The minimum and maximum projected diameter (Dmin and Dmax) were found by rotating the object around the center of gravity three times at a step of 30°. For each rotation, the projection distances on the X- and Y-axis were calculated and compared to the previous minimum and maximum. Diameter stenosis was calculated as: (1 − Dmin/Dmax) × 100% in each cross-section, and the maximum value was taken for restenosis assessment. The 2-year ISR was defined as the lumen stenosis of stent-implanted segment at 2-year follow-up exceeded 50% compared with lumen assessed immediately after PCI [17]. Patients who lost follow-up before ISR occurrence had been excluded from study. All 214 patients were divided into 2-year ISR patients and 2-year non-ISR patients according to whether the ISR occurred during the follow-up.

Statistical analysis

All data analyses were carried out using SPSS 24.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA), and all graphs were plotted using GraphPad Prism 8.01 software (GraphPad Software Inc, San Diego, USA). Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was carried out to determine the normality of continuous data. Normal-distributed continuous data were displayed as mean with standard deviation (SD), and Skewed-distributed continuous data were exhibited to be median with interquartile range (IQR). The categorical data were shown to be number with percentage (No. (%)). Student’s t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to determine the continuous data between two groups. Chi-square test was used to determine the categorical data between two groups. Correlation was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to identify optimal cutoff values of FGF-23 with maximum sensitivity and specificity for prediction of 2-year ISR. Factors with P value < 0.05 in the univariate logistic regression were further included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis [forward stepwise (conditional)] to generate the 2-year ISR risk prediction model, and the predictive performance of the model was further assessed by ROC curve. P value < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

Results

Clinical baseline characteristics of CHD patient

The mean age of CHD patients was 64.6 ± 9.1 years, and there were 40 (18.7%) females and 174 (81.3%) males. The detailed baseline information of BMI, current smoke, chronic complications, biochemical indexes, lesion features, PCI parameters, and post-surgery medications among all CHD patients were displayed in Table 1. In addition, all patients were classified as 2-year ISR patients (n = 38) and 2-year non-ISR patients (n = 176) according to whether the ISR occurred during the study follow-up. No difference of age, gender, BMI, current smoke, hypertension, family history of CAD, MAP, SUA, TG, TC, ESR, WBC, neutrophil, LVEF, cTnI, target lesion at LAD, target lesion at RCA, stenosis degree of target lesion, diameter of stent, time of stent dilation, pre-stent balloon dilation, β-receptor blockers or calcium channel blockers was observed between 2-year non-ISR patients and 2-year ISR patients (all P > 0.05). However, the proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, hyperuricemia, multivessel artery lesions, two target lesions, target lesion at LCX, ACEIs/ARBs, and the level of FBG, IRI, Scr, LDL-C, HsCRP, NT-proBNP, length of target lesion, length of stent were increased, while the level of HDL-C was decreased in 2-year ISR patients compared with 2-year non-ISR patients (all P < 0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1 Characteristics of CHD patients
Full size table

Correlation of FGF-23 with continuous characteristics in CHD patients

FGF-23 was positively correlated with FBG (r = 0.245, P < 0.001), IRI (r = 0.294, P < 0.001), Scr (r = 0.381, P < 0.001), SUA (r = 0.287, P < 0.001), LDL-C (r = 0.187, P = 0.006), HsCRP (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), cTnl (r = 0.436, P < 0.001), NT-proBNP (r = 0.400, P < 0.001) and stenosis degree of target lesion (r = 0.182, P = 0.008) (Table 2). However, FGF-23 was negatively associated with HDL-C (r = -0.179, P = 0.009) and LVEF (r = − 0.272, P < 0.001). In addition, no correlation was observed between FGF-23 and age, BMI, MAP, TG, TC, ESR, WBC, neutrophil or length of target lesion in CHD patients (all P > 0.05).

Table 2 Correlation of FGF-23 with continuous characteristics
Full size table

Correlation of FGF-23 with categorical characteristics in CHD patients

FGF-23 was positively correlated with the occurrence of hypercholesteremia (P < 0.001), hyperuricemia (P = 0.022) and family history of CHD (P = 0.022) (Table 3). However, there was no correlation of FGF-23 with gender, current smoke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, multivessel artery lesions, two target lesions, target lesion at LAD, target lesion at LCX, or target lesion at RCA in CHD patients.

Table 3 Correlation of FGF-23 with categorical characteristics
Full size table

Correlation of FGF-23 with 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients

FGF-23 level was higher in 2-year ISR patients [936.8 pg/ml (823.6–1155.6 pg/ml)] compared to 2-year non-ISR patients [707.4 pg/ml (581.4–798.5 pg/ml)] (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1a). Furthermore, ROC curve indicated that FGF-23 was of good value in predicting 2-year ISR risk (AUC 0.828, 95% CI 0.761–0.896), and the sensitivity as well as specificity at the best cut-off point (798.985 pg/ml) (the point where the largest sum of sensitivity and specificity occurred) were 84.2% and 75.6%, respectively (Fig. 1b).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Predictive value of FGF-23 for 2-year ISR risk. Comparison of FGF-23 expression between 2-year non-ISR patients and 2-year ISR patients (a). Ability of FGF-23 in predicting 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients treated by PCI with DES (b). FGF-23 fibroblast growth factor 23, ISR in-stent restenosis, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, DES drug-eluting stent, CHD coronary heart disease, AUC area under the curve, CI confidence interval

Full size image

Factors affecting 2-year ISR in CHD patients

Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that FGF-23 (OR = 1.006, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.437, P = 0.001), hypercholesteremia (OR = 3.066, P = 0.012), hyperuricemia (OR = 2.579, P = 0.009), FBG (OR = 1.429, P = 0.020), IRI (OR = 1.391, P = 0.002), Scr (OR = 1.027, P = 0.020), LDL-C (OR = 2.551, P = 0.002), HsCRP (OR = 1.195, P < 0.001), multivessel artery lesion (OR = 14.276, P = 0.010), two target lesions (OR = 2.647, P = 0.008), target lesion at LCX (OR = 2.329, P = 0.020), length of target lesion (OR = 1.054, P = 0.009), length of stent (OR = 1.053, P = 0.010) were positively associated with 2-year ISR risk, however, HDL-C (OR = 0.170, P = 0.026) and ACEIs/ARBs (OR = 0.466, P = 0.035) were negatively correlated with 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients (Table 4). Further forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression exhibited that FGF-23 (OR = 1.005, P = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 23.654, P < 0.001), LDL-C (OR = 4.458, P = 0.002), HsCRP (OR = 1.261, P < 0.001), two target lesions (OR = 6.305, P = 0.002), length of target lesion (OR = 1.128, P = 0.001) were independent predictive factors for increased 2-year ISR in CHD patients.

Table 4 Factors correlated with 2-year ISR
Full size table

Prediction model based on independent risk factors for 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients

The predictive performance of the model including independent factors was further assessed, which revealed that the prediction model was of excellent value in predicting 2-year ISR risk (AUC 0.932, 95% CI 0.895–0.968), and the sensitivity as well as specificity at the best cut-off point (the point where the largest sum of sensitivity and specificity occurred) were 84.2% and 88.1%, respectively (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Prediction model involving independent risk factors for 2-year ISR risk. FGF-23 fibroblast growth factor 23, ISR in-stent restenosis, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, DES drug-eluting stent, CHD coronary heart disease, AUC area under the curve, CI confidence interval

Full size image

Subgroup analysis

Among CHD patients with diabetes mellitus, there were 13 (20.6%) patients with NSTEMI events and 7 (11.1%) patients with STEMI (Additional file 1: Table S1). In patients with NSTEMI events, 9 (69.2%) patients presented with 2-year ISR occurred during the follow-up. As for in patients with STEMI events, 5 (71.4%) patients exhibited 2-year ISR occurred during the follow-up (Additional file 2: Table S2). More information about NSTEMI/STEMI patients with diabetes mellitus was shown in Additional file 2: Table S2.

Discussion

In the present study, (1) FGF-23 was positively correlated with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation, unfavorable cardiac and renal function, increased inflammation level, and stenosis degree of target lesion in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES. (2) FGF-23 was upregulated in 2-year ISR patients compared with 2-year non-ISR patients, and was of good value in predicting 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES. (3) FGF-23 could function as an independent factor for increased 2-year ISR risk, and the prediction model involving FGF-23 and other risk factors were of excellent value in predicting 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES.

FGF-23 is a bone-derived hormone in response to the increment of circulating phosphate and calcitriol levels, and its implication in the pathogenesis of CKD has been revealed that increased FGF-23 disrupts the bone-kidney-parathyroid hormone balance, which promotes the generation of hyperphosphatemia with the progression of CKD [18]. Recently, several clinical studies suggest that FGF-23, as a pro-inflammatory role, is involved in several aspects of cardiovascular diseases [8, 10, 19, 20]. For example, FGF-23 is reported to be an independent factor for increased stage of peripheral vascular calcified atherosclerotic plaque and carotid artery intima-media thickness, and is responsible for the development and progression of atherosclerosis [21]. In addition, based on the existing evidence, ISR is a complex inflammatory and reparative reaction to vessel injury following stent implantation arising from neointimal hyperplasia, and there is evidence revealing the involvement of regulators which serve as pro-inflammation roles (such as sirtuins, microRNAs (miRNAs)), in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, leading to the higher ISR risk [22, 23]. According to these aforementioned evidences, it was speculated that FGF-23 might have value in predicting ISR risk in CHD patients [24]. However, the related evidence is still lack, therefore the present study was performed.

In the present study, 214 CHD patients treated by PCI with DES were enrolled, and the correlation of FGF-23 with the clinical characteristics were further detected in these patients, which observed that FGF-23 was correlated with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation (reflected by indexes including: high level of FBG, IRI, SUA, LDL-C, but low level of HDL-C, presence of hypercholesteremia and hyperuricemia), poor cardiac and renal function (reflected by indexes including: high level of Scr, cTnl and NT-rpoBNP, but low level of LVEF), increased inflammation level (reflected by high level of HsCRP), and stenosis degree of target lesion in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES. The possible reasons for these correlations were listed. (1) Firstly, FGF-23 might enhance the excretion of phosphate per nephron and the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) via dysregulating PTH-calcitriol-phosphate system, thereby contributing to high level of SUA and occurrence of hyperuricemia [8, 25]. (2) Secondly, according to the previous study by Kutluturk etc. [26], FGF-23 was correlated with insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in obsess population suggesting the correlation of FGF-23 with high FBG level, insulin resistance, abnormal lipoprotein-cholesterol level and presence of hypercholesteremia in CHD patients. (3) Thirdly, FGF-23 was reported to decrease active vitamin D synthesis via decreasing 1α-hydroxylase expression, resulting in low level of anti-inflammation calcitriol in serum, meanwhile, high level of FGF-23 presented enhancing effect on inflammatory mediators and signaling (NF-κB signaling), which both amplifying inflammation [8]. (4) Fourthly, previous study indicated that FGF-23 might trigger adverse cardiovascular remodeling and induce cardiac injury via interplaying with PTH and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, thereby leading to high cTnl, NT-proBNP level but low LVEF level [9, 18, 19]. In addition, considering these prominent contributing factors of stenosis including inflammation, cardiac injury and lipid disorder, FGF-23 was therefore correlated with stenosis degree of target lesion in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES. Interestingly, the correlation of FGF-23 with diabetes was not observed, which might be explained by: (1) According to the results in our study, FGF-23 was correlated with increased FBG in CHD patients and higher FBG was considered as a risk factor for pre-diabetes [27], FGF-23 might be correlated with the existence of pre-diabetes via affecting FBG, but not serious enough with diabetes. (2) In addition, the lack of correlation might be attributed to the limited sample size.

Subsequently, followed results indicated that FGF-23 presented good value in predicting 2-year ISR risk, and was an independent predictive factor for increasing 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES. The possible reasons might include that: (1) FGF-23 was positively correlated with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation, poor cardiac and renal function, inflammation level, and stenosis degree of target lesion, which were risk factors for ISR. Therefore, FGF-23 might be correlated with higher risk of ISR via interaction with these factors [3]. (2) Furthermore, given the vascular injury after PCI, FGF-23 might directly induce neointimal pro-hyperplasia and further vascular remodeling via FGF-23/FGF receptor/α-klotho signaling-mediated inflammatory response, which induced the initiation and development of ISR [5, 28]. Therefore, FGF-23 serves as an independent predictive factor for increased risk of ISR in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES. In addition, the results exhibited that diabetes mellitus, LDL-C, HsCRP, two target lesions and length of target lesion were also independent factors for greater 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES, which was in consistence with the previous evidence about the risk factors for restenosis after implantation of DES [3, 5, 29, 30]. The possible mechanisms might be included as follows: (1) Activation of carbonic anhydrases might lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species, further leading to maladaptive cardiac remodelling as well as increased risk of restenosis [31]. (2) Based on previous evidence by Marfella etc. [32], diabetes and CHD both present deregulation of ubiquitin-proteason system, which was regarded as the common pathogenic factor promoting the initial of atherosclerosis and higher risk of ISR [32]. (3) HsCRP-induced activated immune response might affect endothelial function adversely and leading to instability of immunity-dependent atherosclerotic plaque progression [33]. In addition, based on the previous evidence that in both patients with NSTEMI [34] and STEMI [35] events, the close correlation of diabetes mellitus with poor prognosis are observed, and considering the importance of diabetes mellitus in predicting ISR risk in study herein, we detected the ISR risk in NSTEMI/STEMI patients with diabetes mellitus, which found that among CHD patients with diabetes mellitus, there were 69.2% and 71.4% patients with NSTEMI events and patients with STEMI, respectively, who presented with 2-year ISR occurred during the follow-up. Furthermore, the prediction model involving all independent risk factors (including FGF-23) for 2-year ISR improved the predictive value of single indexes, which suggested that FGF-23 could promote accuracy of ISR prediction in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES.

The present study existed some limitations: (1) This was a single-center study with relatively small sample size, thus further studies including more patients from multiple centers were needed for validation. (2) The present study did not explore the implication of FGF-23 in pathophysiologic mechanism of ISR, which needed to be investigated in further experimental researches. (3) The predictive value of FGF-23 for 2-year ISR risk was detected in the current study, while the predictive value of FGF-23 for long-term ISR needed to be further detected. (4) Considering that endothelial dysfunction was reported as an important determinant of development of CHD, further studies that explored the correlation of FGF-23 with endothelial dysfunction were needed [36].

Conclusion

In conclusion, FGF-23 correlates with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation, worse cardiac and renal function, inflammation level, stenosis degree of target lesion, and serves as an independent risk factor for 2-year ISR risk in CHD patients underwent PCI with DES.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CABG:

Coronary artery bypass grafting

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary intervention

DES:

Drug-eluting stents

MACE:

Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events

ISR:

In-stent restenosis

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

BMI:

Body mass index

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

FBG:

Fasting blood-glucose

IRI:

Insulin resistance index

TG:

Triglyceride

TC:

Total cholesterol

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Hs-CRP:

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

WBC:

White blood cell

Scr:

Serum creatinine

SUA:

Serum uric acid

cTnl:

Cardiac troponin I

NT-proBNP:

N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide

ACEIs:

Angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors

ARBs:

Angiotensin receptor blockers

ELISA:

Enzyme Linked-Immuno-Sorbent Assay

QCA:

Quantitative coronary angiography

SD:

Standard deviation

IQR:

Interquartile range

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic

AUC:

Area under the curve

CI:

Confidence interval

References

  1. Malakar AK, Choudhury D, Halder B, Paul P, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(10):16812–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yang X, Li Y, Ren X, Xiong X, Wu L, Li J, Wang J, Gao Y, Shang H, Xing Y. Effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2017;7:44789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Giacoppo D, Colleran R, Cassese S, Frangieh AH, Wiebe J, Joner M, Schunkert H, Kastrati A, Byrne RA. Percutaneous coronary intervention vs coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(10):1079–88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Basaraba JE, Barry AR. What is the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation? Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73(9):e229-237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lowe HC, Oesterle SN, Khachigian LM. Coronary in-stent restenosis: current status and future strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(2):183–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hao PP, Chen YG, Wang XL, Zhang Y. Efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents in patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(5):516–24.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Shimada T, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y, Muto T, Hino R, Takeuchi Y, Fujita T, Nakahara K, Fukumoto S, Yamashita T. FGF-23 is a potent regulator of vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3):429–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, Hu MC, Sloan A, Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Aguillon-Prada R, Lincoln J, Hare JM, et al. FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(11):4393–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Batra J, Buttar RS, Kaur P, Kreimerman J, Melamed ML. FGF-23 and cardiovascular disease: review of literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016;23(6):423–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Navarro-Garcia JA, Fernandez-Velasco M, Delgado C, Delgado JF, Kuro OM, Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G. PTH, vitamin D, and the FGF-23-klotho axis and heart: going beyond the confines of nephrology. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018;48(4):e12902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lang F, Leibrock C, Pandyra AA, Stournaras C, Wagner CA, Foller M. Phosphate homeostasis, inflammation and the regulation of FGF-23. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2018;43(6):1742–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tuzun D, Oguz A, Aydin MN, Kurutas EB, Ercan O, Sahin M, Unsal V, Ceren I, Akcay A, Gul K. Is FGF-23 an early indicator of atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction in patients with gestational diabetes? Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2018;62(5):506–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhao LP, Xu WT, Wang L, Li H, Shao CL, Gu HB, Chan SP, Xu HF, Yang XJ. Influence of insulin resistance on in-stent restenosis in patients undergoing coronary drug-eluting stent implantation after long-term angiographic follow-up. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(1):5–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, Chambers CE, Ellis SG, Guyton RA, Hollenberg SM, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;82(4):E266-355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bruining N, Sabate M, de Feyter PJ, Kay IP, Ligthart J, Disco C, Kutryk MJ, Roelandt JR, Serruys PW. Quantitative measurements of in-stent restenosis: a comparison between quantitative coronary ultrasound and quantitative coronary angiography. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 1999;48(2):133–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Haase J, Escaned J, van Swijndregt EM, Ozaki Y, Gronenschild E, Slager CJ, Serruys PW. Experimental validation of geometric and densitometric coronary measurements on the new generation Cardiovascular Angiography Analysis System (CAAS II). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1993;30(2):104–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu Y, Fu X. Comprehensive analysis of predictive factors for rapid angiographic stenotic progression and restenosis risk in coronary artery disease patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents implantation. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33(2):e22666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lavoinne A, Cauliez B. Cardiac troponin I and T: specific biomarkers of cardiomyocyte. Rev Med Interne. 2004;25(2):115–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Roy C, Lejeune S, Slimani A, de Meester C, Ahn As SA, Rousseau MF, Mihaela A, Ginion A, Ferracin B, Pasquet A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23: a biomarker of fibrosis and prognosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:2494–507.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Udell JA, Morrow DA, Jarolim P, Sloan S, Hoffman EB, O’Donnell TF, Vora AN, Omland T, Solomon SD, Pfeffer MA, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23, cardiovascular prognosis, and benefit of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in stable ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):2421–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Freedman BI, Divers J, Russell GB, Palmer ND, Bowden DW, Carr JJ, Wagenknecht LE, Hightower RC, Xu J, Smith SC, et al. Plasma FGF23 and calcified atherosclerotic plaque in African Americans with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42(6):391–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Balestrieri ML, Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Paolisso P, D’Onofrio N, Giovane A, Siniscalchi M, Minicucci F, Sardu C, D’Andrea D, et al. Sirtuin 6 expression and inflammatory activity in diabetic atherosclerotic plaques: effects of incretin treatment. Diabetes. 2015;64(4):1395–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. D’Onofrio N, Sardu C, Paolisso P, Minicucci F, Gragnano F, Ferraraccio F, Panarese I, Scisciola L, Mauro C, Rizzo MR, et al. MicroRNA-33 and SIRT1 influence the coronary thrombus burden in hyperglycemic STEMI patients. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(2):1438–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pleva L, Kukla P, Hlinomaz O. Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis: a systematic review. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(2):173–84.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Jalal D, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Kang DH, Ritz E. Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: which is chasing which? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(9):2221–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Kutluturk Y, Akinci A, Ozerol IH, Yologlu S. The relationship between serum FGF-23 concentration and insulin resistance, prediabetes and dyslipidemia in obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2019;32(7):707–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Yip WCY, Sequeira IR, Plank LD, Poppitt SD. Prevalence of pre-diabetes across ethnicities: a review of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) for classification of dysglycaemia. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1273.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Leifheit-Nestler M, Haffner D. Paracrine effects of FGF23 on the heart. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sasso FC, Pafundi PC, Marfella R, Calabro P, Piscione F, Furbatto F, Esposito G, Galiero R, Gragnano F, Rinaldi L, et al. Adiponectin and insulin resistance are related to restenosis and overall new PCI in subjects with normal glucose tolerance: the prospective AIRE Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Marfella R, Sasso FC, Siniscalchi M, Paolisso P, Rizzo MR, Ferraro F, Stabile E, Sorropago G, Calabro P, Carbonara O, et al. Peri-procedural tight glycemic control during early percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with a lower rate of in-stent restenosis in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2862–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Torella D, Ellison GM, Torella M, Vicinanza C, Aquila I, Iaconetti C, Scalise M, Marino F, Henning BJ, Lewis FC, et al. Carbonic anhydrase activation is associated with worsened pathological remodeling in human ischemic diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(2):e000434.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Marfella R, Di Filippo C, Siniscalchi M, Sasso FC, Ferraraccio F, Rossi F, Paolisso G. The possible role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007;6:35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Marfella R, Ferraraccio F, Rizzo MR, Portoghese M, Barbieri M, Basilio C, Nersita R, Siniscalchi LI, Sasso FC, Ambrosino I, et al. Innate immune activity in plaque of patients with untreated and l-thyroxine-treated subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(4):1015–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Marfella R, Sardu C, Calabro P, Siniscalchi M, Minicucci F, Signoriello G, Balestrieri ML, Mauro C, Rizzo MR, Paolisso G, et al. Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes with non-obstructive coronary artery stenosis: effects of incretin treatment. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(3):723–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Marfella R, Sardu C, Balestrieri ML, Siniscalchi M, Minicucci F, Signoriello G, Calabro P, Mauro C, Pieretti G, Coppola A, et al. Effects of incretin treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic STEMI-patients with culprit obstructive and multivessel non obstructive-coronary-stenosis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10:1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tousoulis D, Charakida M, Stefanadis C. Endothelial function and inflammation in coronary artery disease. Heart. 2006;92(4):441–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China

    Tingting Song, Yang Fu, Yanbo Wang, Wei Li, Jiayu Zhao, Xun Wang, Haiyan Wang, Ying Zhao & Xianghua Fu

Authors
  1. Tingting Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yang Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yanbo Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jiayu Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Haiyan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ying Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Xianghua Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

XF contributed to the conception and design. TS, YF and YW contributed to the data acquisition. WL, JZ and XW contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data. HW and YZ contributed to drafting/revising of article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xianghua Fu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, and all patients signed the informed consents.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Table S1

. NSTEMI/STEMI occurrence within 2 years after PCI in CHD patients with diabetes mellitus.

Additional file 2: Table S2

. Disease features of NSTEMI/STEMI patients with diabetes mellitus.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Song, T., Fu, Y., Wang, Y. et al. FGF-23 correlates with endocrine and metabolism dysregulation, worse cardiac and renal function, inflammation level, stenosis degree, and independently predicts in-stent restenosis risk in coronary heart disease patients underwent drug-eluting-stent PCI. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 21, 24 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01839-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01839-w

Keywords

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

Contact us