Skip to main content
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Correlations of serum cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate with vascular lesions and severity in acute coronary syndrome

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of cystatin C (CysC) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) regarding vascular lesions and their severity in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

According to the results of coronary angiography, 195 ACS patients were divided into a single-vascular-lesion group (91 cases), a dual-vascular-lesion group (67 cases), and a multiple-vascular-lesion group (37 cases) to assess the severity of coronary artery disease according to Gensini scores and to analyze the correlations of CysC and eGFR level with vascular lesions and severity in ACS patients.

Results

Intergroup comparisons of univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that CysC was positively correlated with vascular lesions (P < 0.05), but eGFR showed no correlation. Regarding the severity of vascular lesions, CysC was positively correlated with Gensini score (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.1811, P < 0.05), but eGFR was not correlated (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Serum CysC levels could reflect the severity of vascular lesions in ACS patients, and a high CysC level had predictive value regarding the severity of vascular lesions in ACS.

Peer Review reports

Background

With changes in lifestyles and diet structures in China, current heart disease spectra have changed, and coronary heart disease (CHD) has become the most common cardiac disease. Meanwhile, with the acceleration of the aging process, the morbidity and mortality of CHD are exhibiting a rapidly increasing trend, and it has become a major chronic noncommunicable disease severely harming public health. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), characterized by high incidence, high mortality, and high recurrence, is currently one of the diseases that is a serious hazard to human health. ACS includes ST segment-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST segment-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. Different forms of ACS share a common pathophysiological basis, namely coronary atherosclerosis-based atheromatous plaque loosening, cracks, or rupture, so the intra-plaque substances that might result in thrombosis would be exposed in the blood, causing adhesion, activation, and aggregation of platelets on the damaged surface, followed by thrombosis as well as complete or incomplete occlusion of the diseased vessels. Cystatin C (CysC) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are indicators that could reflect renal dysfunction; the former is one of the sensitive indexes used to evaluate GFR [1] and could detect early renal damage. The important function of CysC is to regulate the hydrolysis of cysteine proteases; by inhibiting the activity of endogenous cysteine proteases, cell damage can be avoided. Recent studies showed that CysC participates in inflammatory reactions, production of vascular wall matrix, and homeostasis of degradation as well as the pathological processes of vascular injuries; it might also participate in regulating the formation, stabilization, and regression of atherosclerotic plaques [2]. Therefore, it would have predictive value regarding the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) [35]. Meanwhile, CysC also exhibited predictive value regarding the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease in people with normal renal function [68]. GFR equations based on CysC or a combination of CysC with creatinine may be superior to GFR equations based on creatinine alone in patients with CAD [9]. However, because the correlations of these two factors with ACS are rare, further study is still needed to determine whether CysC could be used to predict the severity of vascular disease. A number of studies about the correlations of CysC and CHD reported inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, this study aimed to further clarify the correlations of these two factors with vascular lesions and their severity in ACS.

Methods

Clinical data

Inclusion criteria: A total of 195 patients with ACS diagnosed and hospitalized in our hospital from July 2012 to June 2013 were enrolled. All the patients met the diagnostic criteria of ACS defined by the ACC/AHA in 2014 [10] and were confirmed by coronary angiography (CAG) to have stenosis ≥50% in at least one coronary artery. Another 39 patients with negative CAG results were selected during the same period for a total enrollment of 234 patients. This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted with approval from the Ethics Committee of the North Huashan Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Exclusion criteria: Patients were excluded if they had severe liver dysfunction (combined with jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy), severe renal dysfunction (estimated GFR [eGFR] < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), acute cerebrovascular accident, acute infection, advanced cancer, a history of old myocardial infarction or structural heart diseases including cardiomyopathy or valvular disease, or a history of coronary stenting or coronary bypass surgery.

Grouping

According to the results of CAG, the patients were divided into a single-vascular-lesion group (group S, 91 cases), a dual-vascular-lesion group (group D, 67 cases), and a multiple-vascular-lesion group (group M, 37 cases).

Count of CAS lesions: Stenosis ≥50% in any one of the three main coronary arteries (LAD, LCX, or RCA) was considered a significant lesion. Stenosis ≥50% of the left main stem was considered a dual-vascular lesion. Stenosis ≥50% of the intermediate branch was considered a single vascular lesion. Stenosis of a branch was considered a main vascular lesion. The sum of the diseased vessels with meaningful stenosis was then calculated.

Baseline information

In addition to the baseline data, all the patients underwent electrocardiography (ECG) to calculate the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) before and after admission (outpatient). The patients with STEMI and NSTEMI in each ACS subgroup were then categorized according to the Killip classification.

ECG evaluation

A total of 187 patients completed ECG, with 152 completed within 48 h of admission using the Philips IE 33 ultrasound system. Thirty-five patients underwent ECG within 1 month of admission using the Philips HD 11 ultrasound system. LVEF was checked using M-mode ultrasonography and obtained using Simpson’s principle.

Assessment of CAD severity

Assessment of CAD was performed according to the modified Gensini score [11].

Killip classification

The Killip classification is a clinical classification of acute myocardial infarction-induced heart failure, and its classification standards were in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of ACS defined by the ACC/AHA in 2014 [10].

Detection and grouping of serum CysC levels

A 4-mL sample of serum from each patient was subjected to a turbidimetric immunoassay to measure the concentration of serum CysC using was the Hitachi 7600-120 automatic biochemical analyzer; the kit was provided by Kyokuto (Tokyo, Japan). The normal reference value of CysC is ≤1.0 mg/L. The serum CysC concentration for all patients was measured within 24 h after admission.

CysC grouping: The CysC levels of all the hospitalized patients (234 cases) were divided into four subgroups according to the interquartile method: subgroup Q1, CysC < 1.1 mg/L (45 cases); subgroup Q2, 1.1 mg/L ≤ CysC < 1.2 mg/L (35 cases); subgroup Q3, 1.2 mg/L ≤ CysC < 1.5 mg/L (88 cases); and subgroup Q4, CysC ≥ 1.5 mg/L (66 cases).

eGFR and grouping

The level of serum creatinine (Scr) was determined using a Hitachi automatic biochemical analyzer, and eGFR was calculated using the Cockcroft–Gault formula: Ccr (mL/min) = [(140 - age) × body weight (kg) × (0.85 (female)]/(72 × Scr [mg/dL]).

The eGFR levels of all the hospitalized patients (234 cases) were divided into three subgroups according to the degree of renal dysfunction: subgroup q1, moderate to severe renal dysfunction (30 mL/min ≤ eGFR < 60 mL/min) (44 cases); subgroup q2, mild to moderate renal dysfunction (60 mL/min ≤ eGFR < 90 mL/min) (94 cases); and subgroup q3, normal renal function (96 cases).

Statistical analysis

The quantitative data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. When homogeneity of variance existed among the groups, a t test was used to compare count data; otherwise, the t’ test was used. The CysC classification data are described as median (interquartile range), and the intergroup comparisons were made using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Qualitative data are described as frequency (percentage), and the differences in CysC and eGFR in different vascular lesion subgroups were analyzed used the χ2 test. Correlations of CysC and eGFR with the Gensini score were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The relationship of each individual variable with ACS was then observed, and a single logistic regression model was established. To eliminate interference of confounding factors, a multivariate logistic regression model containing the main effects was established, and the predictive values of the variables with respect to the results were then analyzed. A multivariate logistic prediction model was established, with the inclusion criterion of P ≤ 0.05 and the exclusion criterion of P > 0.05. When the outcome variables were dichotomous, a nonconditional logistic regression model was established; when the outcome variables were ordered and categorical, an ordinal logistic regression model was established. Bilateral levels were set for the P values of all hypothetical tests, with the significance level set at 5% and the homogeneity of variance level was set at 10%. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 12.0 software.

Results

Index comparison

Compared with the control group, the proportion of male patients was significantly higher (P < 0.01), age was lower (P < 0.05), and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was higher (P < 0.01) in the STEMI group. Compared with the control group, the proportion of male patients was significantly higher (P < 0.01), the percentage of patients with diabetes was higher (P < 0.05), and the LDL-C level was higher (P < 0.05) in the NSTEMI group (Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline clinical baseline characteristic of all patients

The comparison of different variables among different ACS subgroups (group S, D, and M) and the control group showed that the proportion of male patients in each ACS subgroup was higher than that of the control group, and the comparison among different ACS subgroups showed the results as group M > group S > group D (P < 0.05); the LDL-C level in each ACS subgroup was higher than that of the control group, and the comparison among different ACS subgroups showed the results as group D > group M > group S (P < 0.05); the CysC levels in groups D and M were higher than that of the control group, and the comparison among different ACS subgroups showed the results as group M > group D > group S (P < 0.05). Differences in age, proportion of patients with hypertension, proportion of patients with diabetes, LVEF, Killip grades, Scr level, and eGFR among the groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05, Table 2).

Table 2 Variable comparison among different lesion groups

Relationships between different variables and vascular lesions

Using a univariate logistic regression model while not controlling other factors, each variable was evaluated regarding correlation with vascular lesions. The results showed that the gender composition (male) and LDL-C and CysC levels were positively correlated with vascular lesions (P < 0.05), but the correlations of eGFR and other variables did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3 Univariate logistic regression analysis of different variables with vascular lesions

Using a multivariate logistic regression model while controlling other factors, each variable was analyzed regarding correlation with vascular lesions. The results showed that CysC level, gender composition (male), LDL-C level, and hypertension were positively correlated with vascular lesions (P < 0.05). For the CysC level, the odds ratio was 2.09, indicating that when CysC was increased by 1 mg/L, the risk of an additional vascular lesion increased by 2.09 times. Because the P value of eGFR in the univariate regression analysis was too high (0.937), it was not included in the multivariate statistical regression model (Table 4).

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of different variables with vascular lesions

Linear relation of CysC and eGFR with Scr values

CysC and Scr levels were measured in 234 patients after they were hospitalized, and eGFR values were calculated. A positive correlation was detected between CysC and Scr values based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r = 0.6158, P < 0.0001), and a negative correlation was detected between eGFR and CysC level (r = -0.5115, P < 0.0001) and between eGFR and Scr level (r = -0.5545, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Scatterplots showed linear relationships between serum cystatin C, eGFR and Scr

Relationships of CysC level and kidney function with vascular lesions

By comparing the constitute ratio differences of different CysC levels (four subgroups) and different eGFR levels (three subgroups) in different vascular lesion groups, the correlations of different CysC levels and kidney dysfunction with vascular lesions were determined. Among the CysC subgroups, the constitute ratios in subgroup Q1 (low CysC concentration) were group S > group D > group M and those in subgroup Q4 (high CysC concentration) were group M > group D > group S; these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Among the different eGFR subgroups, the constitute ratios in subgroup q1 (moderate to severe renal dysfunction) were group M > group D > group S, those in subgroup q2 (mild to moderate renal dysfunction), and those in subgroup q3 (normal renal function) were group S > group D > group M, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5 Comparison of constitute ratio differences of different Cys C subgroups and different eGFR subgroups in different vascular lesion groups

Comparison of CysC medians

According to the CysC ranges and medians in different vascular lesion subgroups, a box plot could be drawn (Fig. 2a). As seen from the box plot, with an increase in vascular lesions, the median CysC level showed an increasing trend. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between these two was 0.1576, which reached statistical significance (P = 0.0278). Quantile regression analysis showed that the median CysC level was increased on average by 0.1 mg/L for each additional vascular lesion (P = 0.513) (Fig. 2a).

Fig. 2
figure 2

a Correlation of Cys C median with different vascular disease variables by box-plot; Note: Abscissa 1 represented group S, 2 represented group D, 3 represented group M, the ordinate represented the Cys C value, and the transverse lines in the blocks represented the medians. b Correlation of eGFR median with different vascular disease variables by box-plot. Note: Abscissa 1 represented group S, 2 represented group D, 3 represented group M, the ordinate represented the eGFR value, and the transverse lines in the blocks represented the medians

Comparison of eGFR medians

According to the eGFR ranges and medians in different vascular lesion subgroups, a box plot could be drawn (Fig. 2b). As seen from the box plot, with an increase in vascular lesions, the median eGFR showed a decreasing trend. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between these two was -0.0993, which did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1671). Quantile regression analysis showed that the median eGFR was decreased on average by 2.0 for each additional vascular lesion (P = 0.086) (Fig. 2b).

Correlation comparison of different vascular lesions and severity

By comparing the differences in Gensini scores among the different vascular lesion subgroups, the correlations of vascular lesions with Gensini scores were determined. Gensini scores showed differences among different subgroups, with group M > group D > group S, and the differences were statistically significant (67.32 ± 40.04 vs. 43.78 ± 25.50 vs. 30.20 ± 22.92, P < 0.0001).

Correlations of different CysC levels with vascular lesion severity

By comparing the differences of Gensini scores among different CysC subgroups, the correlations of CysC levels with Gensini scores were then determined. The results showed that the Gensini scores showed differences among different CysC subgroups, subgroup Q4 > subgroup Q 3 > subgroup Q2 > subgroup Q1, and the differences were statistically significant (50.00 ± 37.37 vs. 42.67 ± 30.40 vs. 39.13 ± 22.58 vs. 30.24 ± 22.25 mg/L, P < 0.05).

Correlations of different renal functions with vascular lesion severity

By comparing the differences of Gensini scores among different eGFR subgroups, the correlations of different renal functions with Gensini scores were then determined. The results showed that the Gensini scores showed differences among different eGFR subgroups, subgroup q3 > subgroup q1 > subgroup q2, but the differences were not statistically significant (43.2 ± 29.84 vs. 41.54 ± 35.65 vs. 40.91 ± 30.97 mL/min/1.73 m2, P > 0.05).

Linear relationships of serum CysC level, eGFR, and Gensini score

Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to calculate the paired linear relationships among CysC level, eGFR, and Gensini score. CysC was negatively correlated with eGFR (r = -0.5073, P < 0.0001) but positively correlated with Gensini score (r = 0.1811, P < 0.05); eGFR and Gensini score were positively correlated (r = 0.0738, P > 0.05) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Scatterplot matrix among Cys C, eGFR, and Gensini score in patients with ACS. The pair Pearson correlation coefficients among the above three indexes

Correlations of different Killip grades with vascular lesion severity

By comparing the differences in Gensini scores among the different Killip classification subgroups, the correlations of Killip grades with Gensini scores were then determined. Gensini scores showed differences among different Killip classification subgroups, with Killip grade IV (one case) > Killip grade II > Killip grade III > Killip grade I, but the differences were not statistically significant (168.00 ± 0.00 vs. 67.15 ± 39.32 vs. 51.57 ± 16.78 vs. 46.36 ± 26.53, P > 0.05).

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations of serum CysC level and eGFR with vascular lesions and their severity in patients with ACS. In recent years, some scholars suggested that inflammation and immune responses were the intermediary and key factors of cardiovascular remodeling and onset [12]. Cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction are related to the inflammatory activities of lesions and matrix remodeling induced by plaque rupture. Optical coherence tomography is a feasible and safe imaging modality for patients with CAD and allows identification of the various microstructures of the atherosclerotic plaque such as plaque rupture, thin-cap fibroatheroma, lipid core, and intracoronary thrombus [13]. Many studies observed that the weakening process of fibrous caps mainly resulted from extracellular matrix degradation, which was caused by activated proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteases released by the activated macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the plaques [14, 15]. Recently, two cysteine proteases that could promote the dissolving of elastic tissues, cathepsin S and cathepsin K, were found to be overexpressed in atherosclerotic lesions [16]. The main functions of serum CysC are to inhibit the activity of endogenous cysteine proteases, to regulate the intracellular metabolism of proteins [17], and to play the role of inflammatory mediators through activating neutrophils [18]; its mechanisms are involved in inhibiting inflammatory factors, confronting plasminogens, regulating the activity of pre-hormones, and regulating proteinases inside and outside cells [1921]. Studies have shown that the serum CysC level was related to the severity of ACS [22]. Tebaldi [23] found that a reduced CrCl value (45 mL/min) was independently associated with a significantly lower incidence of positive FFR (0.80 or less). Regarding correlations between coronary vascular lesions and the severity of coronary vascular diseases, Corpus [24] found that the incidence of major adverse cardiac events such as death, repeated myocardial infarction, or repeated revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction plus multiple vascular lesions during the 1-year follow-up period was significantly higher than in patients with a single vascular lesion. Their results suggested that the ACS patients with multiple vascular lesions had more severe disease and a worse prognosis.

The analysis of correlations between CysC level and vascular lesions in the ACS patients showed the CysC levels in group D and M were higher than those in the control group, and the comparison among different ACS subgroups showed group M > group D > group S (group M 1.51 ± 0.59 mg/L vs. group D 1.34 ± 0.44 mg/L vs. group S 1.27 ± 0.30 mg/L vs. control group 1.30 ± 0.35 mg/L, P = 0.0296). The single-factor regression analysis of the vascular lesions in these ACS patients suggested that the CysC level was positively correlated with the vascular lesions (P = 0.0150), and the multifactor regression analysis showed the same result (P = 0.017); among different CysC subgroups, the constitute ratios in the lower-quartile groups were group S > group D > group M, and those in the high-quartile groups were group M > group D > group S, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.0267). It could be seen from the box plot (Fig. 2a) that with increasing vascular lesions, the median CysC level also showed an increasing trend. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient of these two was 0.1576 (P = 0.0278).

The analysis of correlations between CysC level and vascular lesion severity in the ACS patients showed that the Gensini scores exhibited differences among different CysC subgroups, with subgroup Q4 (high-quartile group, 50.00 ± 37.37 mg/L) > subgroup Q3 (42.67 ± 30.40 mg/L) > subgroup Q2 (39.13 ± 22.58 mg/L) > subgroup Q (lower-quartile group) 30.24 ± 22.25 mg/L (P = 0.0286). Using the scatterplot matrix of CysC, eGFR, and Gensini scores, Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculation showed that CysC was positively correlated with the Gensini score (r = 0.1811, P < 0.05).

The results of this study suggested that CysC level was positively correlated with the vascular lesions and their severity in these ACS patients, and the differences were statistically significant, consistent with the results of Jernberg [22]. Meanwhile, the comparison between the vascular lesions and Gensini scores in the ACS patients showed that group M (67.32 ± 40.04 mg/L) > group D (43.78 ± 25.50 mg/L) > group S (30.20 ± 22.92 mg/L) (P < 0.0001), fully consistent with the results of Corpus [24].

The inconsistent results regarding CysC mainly derives from the fact that CysC is just one member of the cysteine protease inhibitors, and CysC and its fragment can regulate inflammatory processes and participate in the pathological physiological process of atherosclerotic plaque formation. CysC may inhibit the activity of cathepsin S and K, reduce degradation of blood vessels and vascular remodeling, and postpone the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Patients with increased CysC levels may have higher cardiac mortality, and the mortality of patients with higher CysC levels was 3.87-fold higher than that in patients with lower CysC levels. Sai E et al. [25] found that increased CysC levels can be a predictive factor of recurrence of cardiovascular events, which may be derived from the fact that CysC contributes to the pathological physiological process of atherosclerosis and inflammation. However, there are still multiple contradictions with respect to the relationship between CysC and CHD. For these contradictions, Noto et al. [26] believed that the difference is mainly caused by a negative acute-phase reaction during acute myocardial infarction. The case of a patient with acute myocardial infarction who had normal expression levels of CysC after 7 days in the hospital also supports this hypothesis. However, another hypothesis indicated that the expression of CysC is reduced before acute cardiovascular events, which further activates inflammatory factors and cell factors and induces a lower level of CysC. One study showed that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is an important factor inducing CysC [27]; serum TGF-β1 levels are significantly reduced in atherosclerosis, and increased TGF-β1 can inhibit the process of lesion formation. CysC levels are near normal in the recovery phase, and may even be increased, which is also caused by regulation of inflammatory and cell factors, body compensatory mechanisms, and the gradual repair and conserved result of inflammatory patches. Luc et al. [28] found that ischemic events may be caused by a relative shortage of proteinase inhibitors (such as CysC). Although the inflammatory process increased the expression of CysC, CysC is still not enough than increased protease in inflammatory atheromatous plaques.

Collectively, many clinical studies have shown that CysC is related to CHD. Patients with ACS with vascular lesions should be further studied owing to the limited number of samples in this study. Simultaneously, determining whether CysC can be used as a potential biomarker for prognostic evaluation and prediction of major adverse cardiac events and has potential guiding significance and value for revascularization will be the next research direction.

Conclusions

Serum CysC levels might reflect the severity of vascular lesions in patients with ACS, and high CysC levels had a predictive value regarding the severity of vascular lesions in ACS.

Abbreviations

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

CAG:

Coronary angiography

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CysC:

Cystatin C

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

NSTEMI:

Non-ST segment-elevated myocardial infarction

STEMI:

ST segment-elevated myocardial infarction

References

  1. Yang XH, Wang QX. Cystain C and research progess of cardiovescular disease. Clin Med. 2012;32:125–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Royakkers AA, Korevaar JC, van Suijlen JD, Hofstra LS, Kuiper MA, Spronk PE, et al. Serum and urine cystatin Care poor biomarkers for acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:493–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Chertow GM, Whooley MA. Association of cystatinC with mortality, cardiovascular events and incident heart failure among persons with coronary heart disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study. Circulation. 2007;115:173–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Keler T, Messow CM, Lubos E, Nicaud V, Wild PS, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Cystatin C and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease and normal or mildly reduced kidney function: results from the AtheroGene study. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:314–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dupont M, Wu Y, Hazen SL, Tang WH. Cystatin C identifies patients with stable chronic heart failure at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:602–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Meng L, Yang Y, Qi LT, Wang XJ, Xu GB, Zhang BW. Eletated serum cyctatin C is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in people with relatively nomal renal function. J Nephrol. 2012;25:426–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. He F, Zhang J, Lu ZQ, Gao QL, Sha DJ, Pei LG, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury after intracoronary stent implantation. World J Emerg Med. 2012;3:197–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Doganer YC, Aydogan U, Aydogdu A, Aparci M, Akbulut H, Nerkiz P, et al. Relationship of cystatin C with coronary artery disease and its severity. Coron Artery Dis. 2013;24:119–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Doğaner YÇ, Aydoğan Ü, Rohrer JE, Aydoğdu A, Çaycı T, Barçın C, et al. Comparison of estimated GFR equations based on serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine in patients with coronary aaery disease. Anatol J Cardiol. 2015;15:571–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey Jr DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes Jr DR, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Yu JH, Hu JZ, Zhou H, Liu X, Cao Q, Shen Y, et al. SCN5A mutation in patients with Brugada electrocardiographic pattern induced by fever. ZhonghuaXinXue Guan Bing ZaZhi. 2013;41:1010–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Ciculation. 2002;105:1135–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Iannaccone M, Quadri G, Taha S, D’Ascenzo F, Montefusco A, Omede’ P, et al. Prevalence and predictors of culprit plaque rupture at OCT in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:1128–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Galis ZS, Khatri JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res. 2002;90:251–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rao SK, Reddy KV, Cohen JR. Role of serine proteases in aneurysm development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996;800:131–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sukhova GK, Shi GP, Simon DI, Chapman HA, Libby P. Expression of elastolyticcathepsins S and K in human atheroma and regulation of their production in smooth muscles cells. J Chin Invest. 1998;102:576–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Abdallah E, Waked E, Al-Helal B, Asad R, Nabil M, Harba T. Novel troponin-like biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2013;24:1111–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Longenecker CT, Hileman CO, Funderburg NT, McComsey GA. Rosuvastatin preserves renal function and lowers cystatin C in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: the SATURN-HIV trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1148–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Ganda A, Magnusson M, Yvan-Charvet L, Hedblad B, Engström G, Ai D, et al. Mildrenal dysfunction and metabolites tied to low HDL cholesterol are associated with monocytosis and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013;127:988–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ge C, Ren F, Lu S, Ji F, Chen X, Wu X. Clinical prognostic significance of plasma cystatin C levels among patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32:644–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Negrusz-Kawecka M, Poręba R, Hulok A, Sciborski K, Marczak J, Bańkowski T. Evaluation of the significance of cystatin C levels in patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23:551–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jernberg T, Lindahl B, James S, Larsson A, Hansson LO, Wallentin L. Cystatin C: a novel predictor of outcome in suspected or confirmed non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2004;110:2342–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tebaldi M, Biscaglia S, Fineschi M, Manari A, Menozzi M, Secco GG, et al. Flow reserve evaluation and chronic kidney disease: analysis from a multicenter Italian registry (the FREAK Study). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;88:555–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Corpus RA, House JA, Marso SP, Grantham JA, Huber Jr KC, Laster SB, et al. Multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel disease and acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004;148:493–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sai E, Miyauchi K, Kojima T, Masaki Y, Kojima T, Miyazaki T, et al. Increased cystatin C levels as a risk factor of cardiovascular events in patients with preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate after elective percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Heart Vessels. 2016;31:694–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Noto D, Cefalu AB, Barbagallo CM, Pace A, Rizzo M, Marino G, et al. Cystatin C levels are decreased in acutemyocardial infarction, effect of cystatin C G73A gene polymorphism on plasma levels. Int J Cardiol. 2005;101:213–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shi GP, Sukhova GK, Grubb A, Ducharme A, Rhode LH, Lee RT, et al. Cystatin C deficiency in human atheroscler-osis and aortic aneurysms. J Chin Invest. 1999;104:1191–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Luc G, Bard JM, Lesueur C. Plasmacystatin-C and development of coronary heartdisease: The PRIME Study. Atherosclerosis. 2006;85:375–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We appreciate all the colleagues provide help in North Huashan Hospital of Fudan University.

Funding

No funding was received for this study.

Availability of data and materials

The study was a retrospective study. The cases were collected from inpatients in Huashan Hospital of Fudan University and North Yard of Huashan Hospital from July 2012 to June 2013. All the data were obtained from the disease historical office (data were not published for privacy) by the first author, and no foundation supported the project. All the data are true and reliable. The co-author, Xiaohao Wu, was mainly responsible for data processing, and the first author further performed statistical analysis. The corresponding author, Professor Pingping Yan, performed the data statistical analysis and guided and revised the manuscript. The raw data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors’ contributions

PY designed the study; XW collected data and performed statistical analysis; JZ and PG performed the study and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted with approval from the Ethics Committee of the North Huashan Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pingping Yan.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, J., Wu, X., Gao, P. et al. Correlations of serum cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate with vascular lesions and severity in acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 17, 47 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0483-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0483-8

Keywords