Skip to main content
Download PDF

Relationship and prognostic importance of thyroid hormone and N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide for patients after acute coronary syndromes: a longitudinal observational study

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 16, Article number: 45 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Altered thyroid function and increased rates of N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) are highly prevalent in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with heart failure, and are associated with unfavorable prognosis. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship and prognostic impact of thyroid hormones, inflammatory biomarkers, and NT-pro-BNP on long-term outcomes in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

The study comprised of 642 patients (age 58 ± 10 years, 77 % male) attending an in-patient cardiac rehabilitation program after experiencing ACS. Patients were evaluated for demographic, clinical and CAD risk factors as well as thyroid hormones (e.g., fT3, fT4 level, fT3/fT4 ratio), inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-6) and NT-pro-BNP levels. Data on fT3/fT4 ratio and NT-pro-BNP levels were not normally distributed and were natural-log transformed (ln). Both all-cause (cumulative) and cardiac-related mortality were considered the primary outcomes of interest.

Results

According to the Cox model, age, NYHA class, (ln)NT-pro-BNP levels (HR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.13–2.07), fT4 level (HR 1.15, 95 % CI 1.04–1.27), and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio (HR 0.08, 95 % CI 0.02–0.32) were the most important predictors of all-cause mortality among CAD patients after ACS. Similarly, age, NYHA class, (ln)NT-pro-BNP levels (HR 1.62, 95 % CI 1.11–2.36), fT4 (HR 1.15, 95 % CI 1.02–1.29) and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio (HR 0.10, 95 % CI 0.02–0.55) independently predicted cardiac-related mortality. Kaplan-Meier analyses provided significant prognostic information with the highest risk for all-cause mortality in the low cut off measures of fT3/fT4 ratio <0.206 and NT-pro-BNP ≥290.4 ng/L (HR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.39–2.96) and fT4 level >12.54 pg/ml (HR = 2.34, 95 % CI 1.05–5.18). There was no association between hs-CRP, IL-6 and mortality in CAD patients after ACS.

Conclusions

Thyroid hormones (i.e., fT4 level and fT3/fT4 ratio) together with NT-pro-BNP level may be valuable and simple predictors of long-term outcomes of CAD patients after experiencing ACS.

Peer Review reports

Background

Thyroid hormones play a key role in cardiovascular regulation through various physiological and pathological manifestations [1, 2]. In recent years, increased attention has been focused on various circulating biologically active substances, collectively known as plasma biomarkers, and their utility in coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) prognosis [1–4]. Neurohormonal activation of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-pro-BNP) remains one of the established markers for the detection and evaluation of HF severity and is considered a prognostic determinant of disease progression in CAD patients [5–7]. NT-pro-BNP is an important biomarker in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as it is a marker of myocardial cell necrosis and a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality [7, 8]. Increased NT-pro-BNP levels predict cardiac-related mortality in HF patients [9–11].

Altered thyroid function in the absence of primary thyroid disease is characterized by low total triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 (fT3) levels with normal total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is due to reduced enzyme 5′ monodeiodinase activity, responsible for converting T4 into T3 in the peripheral tissues [12, 13]. It has been established that low circulating T3 levels are common in patients with HF [2, 13, 14], acute myocardial infarction (MI), [3, 15–17] and are linked with poor prognosis [18, 19]. The literature in this area indicates disparate perspectives on the association of thyroid hormones and NT-pro-BNP serum levels; some authors have demonstrated that higher thyroid function is associated with the higher NT-pro-BNP levels. In contrast others have suggested that hypothyroidism alters NT-pro-BNP concentrations [20, 21].

In CAD, the rupturing of a patient’s coronary plaque triggers an inflammatory cascade [22]. Studies have reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) can stimulate BNP expression and that IL-6 has a significant positive association with NT-pro-BNP [23–25]. It has recently been hypothesized that IL-6, a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, may exert an inhibitory effect on thyroid function and suggests the development of euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with systemic diseases [26–28].

Inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) is mainly produced in response to IL-6 and plays many pathophysiological roles in the inflammatory process in HF. It was shown that IL-6 and CRP are all inversely correlated with fT3 levels in patients with stable HF [29, 30].

Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the relative risk for CAD is higher in people with more inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP and IL-6 and NT-pro-BNP. These biomarkers also have the prognostic value of cardiovascular events in HF patients [22]. NT-pro-BNP, thyroid hormone and inflammatory biomarkers concentrations have also been found to change in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention following ACS [8, 13, 22]. However, the relationship between NT-pro-BNP, thyroid hormone and inflammatory biomarkers in patients undergoing a cardiac rehabilitation programme following ACS is not well described.

From a clinical perspective, understanding whether thyroid hormones and inflammatory biomarkers play a role in the relationship between NT-pro-BNP and mortality, would assist in greater accuracy with respect to the risk-stratification of CAD patients admitted to rehabilitation program and would also provide the opportunity for early interventions to address clinical risk factors and improve patient prognosis.

The primary objective of this study was to measure the associations between thyroid hormones, inflammatory biomarkers and NT-pro-BNP. The second aim of the study was to examine the potential impact of thyroid hormones, inflammatory biomarkers and NT-pro-BNP on long-term outcomes in patients enrolled in an in-patient cardiac rehabilitation program after ACS.

Methods

Study population

During the period from January 2006 until January 2013 a total of 826 CAD patients consecutively attending an inpatient cardiac rehabilitation program, at the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic of the Behavioral Medicine Institute of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences in Palanga, Lithuania, were invited to participate in the study. All patients were admitted to the rehabilitation program after two weeks of in-hospital stationary treatment for ACS. Patients were excluded from the present study if they had history of thyroid or adrenal disease (n = 74), were actively taking thyroid medications or amiodarone (n = 34), had increased TSH (>3.7 μg/mL) concentrations indicating hypothyroidism (n = 14) or decreased TSH (<0.5 μg/mL) concentrations indicating hyperthyroidism (n = 10), had high concentrations of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO ≥60 U/mL) indicating autoimmune thyroid disease (n = 15) or who declined the opportunity to participate in the study (n = 37). The final study population meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria was comprised of 642 CAD patients (77 % men; mean age, 58 ± 9 years) after ACS. All study participants took part in the exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program and received standard treatment for secondary prevention of CAD according to the existing guidelines of secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation [31–33].

Study design

This was a prospective study approved by The Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. More details of study design, recruitment, and procedures have been published elsewhere [34, 35]. In short, the baseline measure was chosen to be patients’ assessment within three days of admission to the rehabilitation program, once they signed written informed consent. Eligible participants were evaluated for demographic factors (e.g., age and gender), clinical characteristics (e.g., New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]), CAD risk factors (e.g., diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, body mass index, and dyslipidemia) and current medication use. Blood samples were drawn for each participant to evaluate individual levels of thyroid hormones, NT-pro-BNP, high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) and IL-6.

Follow-up data on mortality (time and cause of death) was used in the analysis as the primary outcome of interest. The data was primarily obtained from death certificates, post-mortem reports, and medical records. When data could not be obtained from these sources, the study team attempted to conduct telephone interviews with participant family members to obtain self-report mortality data or to contact the Causes of Death Register at the Institute of Hygiene of the Lithuanian Ministry of Health. In some cases, this outcome data was unavailable.

It should be noted that to be classified as a cardiac-related death, documentation of arrhythmias or cardiac arrest, death due to progressive HF or MI in the absence of a precipitating factor was required. Sudden unexpected death was classified as cardiac death when it occurred outside the hospital and was not followed up by autopsy. Death caused by accidents was excluded. Both cardiac-related and all-cause mortality (cumulative – death from any natural cause) were ascertained.

Evaluation thyroid axis hormones, NT-pro-BNP, hs-CRP and IL-6 concentrations

All participants had a blood sample collection on second day after admission to the rehabilitation clinic. Venous blood samples were drawn after a minimum 12 h overnight fast for the evaluation of thyroid axis hormones, NT-pro-BNP, hs-CRP and IL-6 concentrations. Blood was centrifuged and serum was frozen at –40 °C. Serum concentrations of T3, fT3, T4, free T4 (fT4), TSH were analysed using automated enzyme immunoassay analyser AIA 600/21/1800 (Tosoh corporation, US) and radioimmunoassay kit RIA (R-EW-125, Belgium) for reverse T3 (rT3). Normal range for T3, from 70 to 170 ng/dL; fT3, from 2.0 to 4.0 pg/mL; rT3, from 9 to 35 nd/dl; T4, from 4,5 to 12.0 μg/dL; fT4, from 7.0 to 17.0 pg/mL; TSH, from 0.25 to 4.5 μIU/mL. Serum concentration of NT-pro-BNP and IL-6 were assessed using radio-immunoassay method (Roche Cobas analyser, Roche Diagnostics, UK). Normal serum concentration of NT-pro-BNP and IL-6 are <157 ng/L and from 0 to 7 pg/mL, respectively. Serum hs-CRP concentrations were assessed using the chemiluminescent immunoassay method (Beckman Coulter Unicel DXC 600) with normal values of ≤0.3 mg/dL.

Statistical analysis

Data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for variables with Gaussian distribution and as median (25th–75th percentile) for variables with non-normal distribution. Distribution of measurements was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Group comparisons were made using Student t test, Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, or chi-square test, as appropriate. Associations between continuous variables were assessed by Pearson product–moment analysis (Pearson r) or Spearman rank correlation analysis (Spearman r), as appropriate. Multivariate regression models were created for NT-pro-BNP, inflammatory biomarkers, and thyroid hormones adjusting for gender, age and body mass index. A two-tailed P value <0.05 was regarded as significant. All variables were examined for normal distribution and natural-log transformed (ln) when necessary. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine the relative risks (hazard ratio [HR]) for all-cause and cardiac-related mortality associated with demographic and clinical risk factors, such as age, gender, hypertension, NYHA class, and diabetes mellitus, as well as with NT-pro-BNP, thyroid hormones, thyroid hormones ratios, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels.

We also generated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to assess cut-off values for demographic, clinical, thyroid hormones, inflammatory biomarkers and NT-pro-BNP characteristics that would prognostically discriminate between non-survivors (all-cause mortality) and survivors. We used the approach by DeLong et al. [36] to compare the areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of demographic and clinical models with AUCs from biomarkers and additive models.

Then, based on the cut-off values patients outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves; a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to compare survival curves and estimate HR. All tests were performed using software SPSS for Windows, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) and MedCalc for Windows, version 12.5 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium).

Results

Baseline socio-demographic variables, clinical characteristics, CAD risk factors and the mean concentrations of thyroid hormones, NT-pro-BNP, IL-6, hs-CRP and current treatment of 642 patients are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Patients characteristics
Full size table

During the follow-up period (i.e., maximum of 118 months) there were 23 cardiac-related and 35 all-cause deaths. Death most frequently occurred following MI and the patients who died tended to be older, have a higher NYHA functional class, lower LVEF, have more severe hypertension, were more likely to have used nitrates and to have higher concentrations of NT-pro-BNP, hs-CRP, T4, fT4 and lower concentrations of fT3 during the rehabilitation period at baseline assessment, as compared to survivors (Table 1).

Associations between thyroid hormones, hs-CRP, IL-6 and NT-pro-BNP

There were significant correlations between (ln)fT3 and fT4 levels (r = 0.179, p < 0.001), and (ln)fT4 and T3 (r = 0.112, p = 0.02). Significant correlations were also found between (ln)rT3 and fT4 (r = 0.776, p < 0.001). There were also strong correlation between (ln)hs-CRP and (ln)IL-6 serum concentrations (r = 0.650, p < 0.001) and between (ln)IL-6 and fT4 (r = 0.091, p = 0.03). The univariate regression analysis indicated that higher (ln)NT-pro-BNP levels were negatively correlated with concentrations of (ln)fT3 (β = −0.112, p = 0.005), positively correlated with concentrations of T4 (β = 0.126, p = 0.009), and (ln)TSH (β = 0.097, p = 0.015). Biomarker (ln)NT-pro-BNP correlated positively with fT4 (β = 0.100, p = 0.012). A lower (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio was associated with higher (ln)NT-pro-BNP (β = −0.112, p = 0.004). The positive association between (ln)hs-CRP and (ln)NT-pro-BNP (β = 0.146, p < 0.001), (ln)IL-6 (β = 0.228, p < 0.001, respectively) was determined.

However, multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for age, gender and body mass index, revealed that (ln)NT-pro-BNP remain associated with hs-CRP (β = 0.59, p < 0.001), (ln)IL6 (β = 0.254, p < 0.001), fT4 (β = 0.100, p = 0.011), and T4 (β = 0.112, p = 0.019).

Prognostic impact of thyroid hormones and NT-pro-BNP

Univariate analysis of data showed that age, NYHA class, (ln)NT-pro-BNP, (ln)rT3, fT4, (ln)fT3, and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio were associated with all-cause mortality. Moreover age, NYHA class, (ln)NT-pro-BNP, (ln)rT3, fT4, and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio were associated with cardiac-related mortality (Table 2). A multivariate Cox regression model showed that age (HR 1.06, 95 % CI 1.02–1.11, p = 0.003), NYHA class (HR 3.01, 95 % CI 1.44–6.23, p = 0.003), (ln)NT-pro-BNP levels (HR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.13–2.07, p = 0.006), fT4 level (HR 1.15, 95 % CI 1.04–1.27, p = 0.005), and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio (HR 0.08, 95 % CI 0.02–0.32, p < 0.001) were associated with all-cause mortality. However, NYHA class (HR 3.58, 95 % CI 1.43–8.94, p = 0.006), (ln)NT-pro-BNP levels (HR 1.62, 95 % CI 1.11–2.36, p = 0.013), fT4 level (HR 1.15, 95 % CI 1.02–1.29, p = 0.018) and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio (HR 0.10, 95 % CI 0.02–0.55, p = 0.008) remained independent predictors of cardiac-related mortality. The hs-CRP and IL-6 levels were not found to be associated with mortality (Table 2).

Table 2 Cox regression analyses for factors associated with all-cause and cardiac-related mortality
Full size table

Figure 1 shows ROC curves for age and NYHA class. Figures 2 and 3 show ROC curves and Kaplan-Meier survival plots for biomarkers characteristics predicting all-cause mortality. When participants were stratified into high and low NT-pro-BNP level groups (cut-off 290.4 ng/L), the outcome (cumulative survival) for patients with high NT-pro-BNP levels was significantly different in comparison to patients with low NT-pro-BNP levels (HR 3.79, 95 % CI 1.57–9.15, p = 0.003) (Fig. 2a). When patients were stratified into high and low fT3/fT4 ratio groups (cut-off of <0.206), the outcome for patients with lower fT3/fT4 ratio was significantly worse than for patients with a higher fT3/fT4 ratio (HR 2.99, 95 % CI 1.43–6.26, p = 0.004) (Fig. 2b). ROC analysis was used to assess the best cut-off values for fT4 levels (cut-off 12.54 pg/ml) predicting all-cause mortality (AUC 0.63, 95 % CI 0.53–0.72, p = 0.013). When we stratified participants into two groups according to cut-off values, we found that higher fT4 levels were associated with worse outcomes (HR 2.34, 95 % CI 1.05–5.18, p = 0.036) (Fig. 2c). When patients were subdivided based on the cut-off values for fT3/fT4 ratio (of <0.206) and NT-pro-BNP (≥290.4 ng/L) levels, the outcomes for patients with a lower fT3/fT4 ratio and higher NT-pro-BNP were worse, as compared with the other groups (HR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.39–2.96, p < 0.001) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Receiver operating characteristic curves for age and NYHA class predicting all-cause mortality during follow up. NYHA – New York Heart Association functional class. Area under the curve of age was 0.642 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.604–0.678; p = 0.003), of NYHA 0.690 (95 % CI, 0.653–0.725; p < 0.001)

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Receiver operating characteristics curves and Kaplan-Meier survival plots for a NT-pro-BNP, b fT3/fT4 ratio, and c fT4 values for predicting all-cause mortality during follow-up. Results are the area under the curve (AUC) and associated 95 % confidence interval (CI). The best cut-off values are labeled. A log-rank test was used to compare survival curves. NT-pro-BNP – N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide, fT3/fT4 – Free Triiodothyronine/Free Thyroxine ratio, fT4 – Free Thyroxine

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Kaplan-Meier survival plots for all-cause mortality for 642 CAD patients stratified into 4 groups based on cut-off values for NT-proBNP (290.4 ng/L) and ratio fT3/fT4 (0.206) levels. fT3/fT4 – Free Triiodothyronine/Free Thyroxine ratio; NT-pro-BNP – N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide. The group with low fT3/fT4 ratio (<0.206) and high NT-proBNP (>290.4 ng/L) (bottom line) had a worse prognosis than others groups (p < 0.001; by the log-rank test)

Full size image

Data on how the AUCs from the demographic and clinical predictors compares with the biomarkers alone or combined models are presented in Table 3 and Fig. 4. Overall, age and NYHA class showed good discriminatory power for predicting all-cause mortality during follow up. The NT-pro-BNP level and fT3/fT4 ratio model had the best AUC of all isolated parameters. A combined model comprising of age, NYHA class, NT-pro-BNP level, and fT3/fT4 ratio showed the highest discriminatory power among other predictors.

Table 3 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve evaluation for all-cause mortality prediction
Full size table
Fig. 4
figure 4

Receiver operating characteristics curves of different parameters and models for predicting all-cause mortality during follow-up. NT-pro-BNP – N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide, fT3/fT4 – Free Triiodothyronine/Free Thyroxine ratio, NYHA – New York Heart Association functional class. Combined model - composed by parameters of age, NYHA class, NT-pro-BNP, and fT3/fT4

Full size image

Evaluating all-cause mortality, the model comprised of age, NYHA class, NT-pro-BNP level, and fT3/fT4 ratio was significantly better than age (difference between AUC: 0.150, 95 % CI 0.064–0.235, p < 0.001), NYHA class (difference between AUC: 0.090, 95 % CI 0.030–0.150, p = 0.003), NT-pro-BNP level (difference between AUC: 0.115, 95 % CI 0.023–0.207, p = 0.014), and fT3/fT4 ratio (difference between AUC: 0.103, 95 % CI 0.034–0.173, p = 0.218). However, it failed to perform significantly better than NT-pro-BNP level and fT3/fT4 ratio model.

Discussion

Our study demonstrated a significant relationship between the suppression of thyroid axis function, increased inflammation markers and increased NT-pro-BNP levels in CAD patients undergoing rehabilitation after ACS. We have also demonstrated that measures of fT4 and fT3/fT4 ratio together with NT-pro-BNP can be important prognostic markers of negative long-term outcomes (i.e., mortality). We found no association between hs-CRP and IL-6 and mortality among CAD patients.

A positive relationship between hs-CRP, IL-6 and NT-pro-BNP was established in our study indicating that thyroid function disturbances contribute to inflammatory processes even during the rehabilitation period (i.e., after acute coronary events). Numerous studies have confirmed fT3 and low-T3 syndrome as predictors of elevated NT-pro-BNP [7, 37]. The correlation of fT3 and NT-pro-BNP was weaker in our study compared to Pfister et al. [37], which might be due to the dominant influence of cardiac abnormalities on NT-pro-BNP values in our patients’ population. However, association of fT4 and NT-pro-BNP was evident in our study. Mayer et al. [38] showed that even mild changes of fT4, still within normal clinically accepted levels, may influence the burden of HF as quantified by its biological surrogates (i.e., natriuretic peptides). Free thyroxine concentrations were significantly positively associated with NT-pro-BNP and BNP in a continuous manner. In this study association was more evident at high-normal fT4 levels, than at low-normal, where only the increase of a more sensitive marker (NT-pro-BNP) was observed. Our findings add to the developing understanding of the relationship between NT-pro-BNP, thyroid hormones and inflammatory biomarkers in CAD patients during rehabilitation after ACS. Specifically, that NT-pro-BNP and thyroid hormone level during rehabilitation could be an important predictor of negative outcomes. Determining whether these particular associations remain the same after rehabilitation, and whether changes in these associations are related to long term outcomes of CAD patients is beyond the scope of this study but should be subject of further investigation.

In the numerous prognostic studies, the altered thyroid metabolism assessed by various parameters, indicated disturbed T4 peripheral conversion, such as a reduction in circulating levels of T3 [18, 39, 40], low T3 syndrome [19, 41–44], mild changes of fT4 [45], a high rT3 level [46], a low fT3/rT3 ratio [46] and a low fT3/fT4 ratio in serum [45].

Passino et al. [20] showed that monitoring the combination of low fT3 and high BNP levels is a useful approach for determining long-term prognosis in patients with advanced HF. Irrespective of the parameters used, all these studies showed that altered peripheral thyroid hormones pathways were associated with a high incidence of fatal events (cumulative or cardiac-related death). Low fT3 levels are the most common alternation of thyroid hormones metabolism in patients with HF and are related with the severity of HF. Presently, low fT3 levels are found in approximately 20–30 % of patients with overt HF, 58 % of patients with advanced HF and in less than 10 % of those with early HF [47]. Low T3 reduction is more frequent in patients with NYHA classes III-IV [12]. In the present study with CAD patients group (73 % with a NYHA II functional class, 63 % after acute MI) the fT3 levels have not exposed prognostic impact to the long-term mortality. This might be due to dominant influence of cardiac abnormalities on NT-pro-BNP values in our cohort or to the recovered T3 level after ACS during the rehabilitation period [17]. Friberg et al. [17] showed that patients with poor heart function or who experienced a more intense inflammatory reaction to acute MI, showed more pronounced down-regulation of the thyroid hormones. The mean levels of the T3 declined between the first 6 h and the 24–36 h period after acute MI, although T3 levels were found to recover within 12 weeks [17].

Our study also revealed that age, NYHA class, (ln)NT-pro-BNP, fT4 and (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio were independent predictors of all-cause mortality and that NYHA class, (ln)NT-pro-BNP, fT4, (ln)fT3/fT4 ratio remained independent predictors of cardiac-related mortality. Additionally, it was demonstrated that higher levels of NT-pro-BNP (≥290.4 ng/L) and a lower fT3/fT4 ratio (<0.206) were independent predictors of cumulative mortality. When patients were subdivided based on the cut-off values for fT3/fT4 ratio and NT-pro-BNP levels, the outcome for the patient group with the lower fT3/fT4 ratio and higher NT-pro-BNP were found to be worse, as compared with the other 3 groups.

However, there was no association between inflammatory markers and mortality in our study. Conversely, some authors have suggested that hs-CRP > 3.90 mg/L and NT pro-BNP > 2247 pmol/L are associated with all-cause mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy patients [48, 49] and can be a potential predictors for all-cause mortality [50].

Euthyroid sick syndrome is the most common type of thyroid hormones abnormality where elevation of fT4 levels is frequently found. Friberg et al. [17, 40] showed that rT3, the inactive metabolite of T3, is positively correlated with its precursor fT4, which suggests that fT4 levels can also be used instead of rT3. Higher levels of rT3 and fT4 were associated with worse rates of survival, that is, patients that died within the first week after acute MI had a median free fT4 level of 16 pmol/L as compared with 15 pmol/L in survivors. Similar differences were also seen after 1 month and 1 year. It was also noted that in patients with a history of angina pectoris, the highest levels of fT4 were found in patients classified with unstable angina pectoris. Jung et al. [51] examined the association of thyroid function with CAD in euthyroid angina pectoris patients and showed that fT4 levels were associated with the presence and the severity of CAD. Jung et al. [51] study also suggests that elevated serum fT4 levels, even within normal range, could be a risk factor for CAD. Our study extends the data of Jung et al. [51] by showing that elevated fT4 levels during rehabilitation are related with long-term mortality in CAD patients.

Kozdag et al. [45] studied a group of 111 patients with ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and advanced NYHA class (III-IV), and showed that patients with lower fT3/fT4 ratio had a significantly less favorable outcome, as compared with those having higher fT3/fT4 ratio during 12 months of follow-up. Studies also find that NT-pro-BNP levels predict cardiac-related mortality in HF patients and patients with congenital heart disease [9–11, 52]. Recent review suggests that NT-pro-BNP assessment alone could be a useful tool predicting all-cause mortality in stable CAD patients [53]. However, we found that not only higher levels of NT-pro-BNP but also fT4 and lower fT3/fT4 ratio during cardiac rehabilitation were associated with long-term mortality in patients after ACS. Thus, in practical terms, the determination of fT4 level and fT3/fT4 ratio together with NT-pro-BNP, are valuable and simple predictors for the identification of CAD patients that are more likely to experience negative long-term outcomes after cardiac rehabilitation.

However, despite this relationship, using fT4 levels as a prognostic indicator in clinical settings will require more research to establish its validity. For example, future research could look at the influence of NT-pro-BNP and inflammatory markers concentration changes on fT4 levels in order to establish possible mediation/moderation effects on mortality. In the present form our findings may not be clinically relevant, but should be used to create multifactorial risk for mortality models.

Despite our consistent results, there were some limitations of the study that should be noted. Particularly, in terms of generalizability, as the majority of study participants had mild to moderate HF and all study patients attended a single-center in-patient cardiac rehabilitation program after being treated for ACS. Thus, the results may not apply to patients with more advanced HF and those who do not attend cardiac rehabilitation programs. Another limitation of our study was that we did not measure the fT3 level and other thyroid hormones in acute stage of coronary syndromes and therefore did not established variations of the fT3 before cardiac rehabilitation.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that thyroid hormones characteristics such as fT4 level and fT3/fT4 ratio together with NT-pro-BNP level may be valuable predictors of long-term outcomes of CAD patients after experiencing ACS. Additional research is needed to determine how and when these prognostic indicators should be operationalized in a clinical setting and how treatment should be prioritized in higher-risk cardiac rehabilitation patients.

Abbreviations

ACS:

acute coronary syndrome

CAD:

coronary artery disease

CRP:

C-reactive protein

fT3:

free T3

fT4:

free T4

HF:

heart failure

HR:

hazard ratio

hs-CRP:

high-sensitivity CRP

IL-6:

interleukin-6

ln:

natural-log transformed

LVEF:

left ventricular ejection fraction

MI:

myocardial infarction

NT-pro-BNP:

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides

NYHA:

New York Heart Association

rT3:

reverse T3

SD:

standard deviation

T3:

total triiodothyronine

T4:

total thyroxine

TSH:

thyroid-stimulating hormone

References

  1. Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(7):501–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yin WH, Chen JW, Feng AN, Lin SJ, Young S. Multimarker approach to risk stratification among patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30(8):397–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Damman P, Beijk MA, Kuijt WJ, Verouden NJ, van Geloven N, Henriques JP, et al. Multiple biomarkers at admission significantly improve the prediction of mortality in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(1):29–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1725–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mair J, Hammerer-Lercher A, Puschendorf B. The impact of cardiac natriuretic peptide determination on the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001;39(7):571–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Bentley JH, Omland T, Sabatine MS, McCabe CH, et al. The prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(14):1014–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pfister R, Tan D, Thekkanal J, Hellmich M, Schneider CA. NT-pro-BNP is associated with long-term outcome in a heterogeneous sample of cardiac inpatients. Eur J Intern Med. 2007;18(3):215–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Grabowski M, Filipiak KJ, Malek LA, Karpinski G, Huczek Z, Stolarz P, et al. Admission B-type natriuretic peptide assessment improves early risk stratification by Killip classes and TIMI risk score in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115(3):386–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gegenhuber A, Mueller T, Dieplinger B, Poelz W, Pacher R, Haltmayer M. B-type natriuretic peptide and amino terminal proBNP predict one-year mortality in short of breath patients independently of the baseline diagnosis of acute destabilized heart failure. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;370(1–2):174–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hammerer-Lercher A, Neubauer E, Muller S, Pachinger O, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Head-to-head comparison of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide in diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;310(2):193–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Koglin J, Pehlivanli S, Schwaiblmair M, Vogeser M, Cremer P, von Scheidt W. Role of brain natriuretic peptide in risk stratification of patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):1934–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Biondi B. Mechanisms in endocrinology: heart failure and thyroid dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167(5):609–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Iervasi G, Molinaro S, Landi P, Taddei MC, Galli E, Mariani F, et al. Association between increased mortality and mild thyroid dysfunction in cardiac patients. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(14):1526–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ascheim DD, Hryniewicz K. Thyroid hormone metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure: the low triiodothyronine state. Thyroid. 2002;12(6):511–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang B, Peng W, Wang C, Li W, Xu Y. A low fT3 level as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarctions. Internal Med (Tokyo, Japan). 2012;51(21):3009–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kimura T, Kanda T, Kotajima N, Kuwabara A, Fukumura Y, Kobayashi I. Involvement of circulating interleukin-6 and its receptor in the development of euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;143(2):179–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Friberg L, Werner S, Eggertsen G, Ahnve S. Rapid down-regulation of thyroid hormones in acute myocardial infarction: is it cardioprotective in patients with angina? Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(12):1388–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, Ripoli A, L’Abbate A, Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine levels for risk stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med. 2005;118(2):132–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shanoudy H, Soliman A, Moe S, Hadian D, Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, et al. Early manifestations of “sick euthyroid” syndrome in patients with compensated chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2001;7(2):146–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Passino C, Pingitore A, Landi P, Fontana M, Zyw L, Clerico A, et al. Prognostic value of combined measurement of brain natriuretic peptide and triiodothyronine in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2009;15(1):35–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nessler J, Nessler B, Golebiowska-Wiatrak R, Palka I, Gackowski A, Kitlinski M, et al. Serum biomarkers and clinical outcomes in heart failure patients treated de novo with carvedilol. Cardiol J. 2013;20(2):144–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Nicklas BJ, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the Health ABC study. Circulation. 2003;108(19):2317–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pannitteri G, Marino B, Campa PP, Martucci R, Testa U, Peschle C. Interleukins 6 and 8 as mediators of acute phase response in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(5):622–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith DA, Irving SD, Sheldon J, Cole D, Kaski JC. Serum levels of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 are decreased in patients with unstable angina. Circulation. 2001;104(7):746–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nian M, Lee P, Khaper N, Liu P. Inflammatory cytokines and postmyocardial infarction remodeling. Circ Res. 2004;94(12):1543–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Boelen A, Platvoet-Ter Schiphorst MC, Wiersinga WM. Association between serum interleukin-6 and serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77(6):1695–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stouthard JM, van der Poll T, Endert E, Bakker PJ, Veenhof CH, Sauerwein HP, et al. Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(5):1342–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the euthyroid sick syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;138(6):603–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lubrano V, Pingitore A, Carpi A, Iervasi G. Relationship between triiodothyronine and proinflammatory cytokines in chronic heart failure. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010;64(3):165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Osman R, L’Allier PL, Elgharib N, Tardif JC. Critical appraisal of C-reactive protein throughout the spectrum of cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2(3):221–37.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(20):2569–619.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dendale P, Gaita D, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(1):1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, Andreotti F, Arden C, Budaj A, et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949–3003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Burkauskas J, Mickuviene N, Brozaitiene J, Staniute M, Podlipskyte A, Rastenyte D, et al. Gene-environment interactions connecting Low triiodothyronine syndrome and outcomes of cardiovascular disease (GET-VASC): study protocol. Biological Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology. 2014;16(2):66–73.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Staniute M, Brozaitiene J, Burkauskas J, Kazukauskiene N, Mickuviene N, Bunevicius R. Type D personality, mental distress, social support and health-related quality of life in coronary artery disease patients with heart failure: a longitudinal observational study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:1.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44(3):837–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pfister R, Strack N, Wielckens K, Malchau G, Erdmann E, Schneider CA. The relationship and prognostic impact of low-T3 syndrome and NT-pro-BNP in cardiovascular patients. Int J Cardiol. 2010;144(2):187–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mayer Jr O, Simon J, Cech J, Rosolova H, Hrbkova J, Pikner R, et al. Even mild changes in free thyroxine could influence the degree of heart failure measured by its biological surrogates. Physiol Res. 2008;57(4):525–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, et al. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation. 2003;107(5):708–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Friberg L, Drvota V, Bjelak AH, Eggertsen G, Ahnve S. Association between increased levels of reverse triiodothyronine and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2001;111(9):699–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chuang CP, Jong YS, Wu CY, Lo HM. Impact of triiodothyronine and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide on the long-term survival of critically ill patients with acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(5):845–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Selvaraj S, Klein I, Danzi S, Akhter N, Bonow RO, Shah SJ. Association of serum triiodothyronine with B-type natriuretic peptide and severe left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(2):234–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Opasich C, Pacini F, Ambrosino N, Riccardi PG, Febo O, Ferrari R, et al. Sick euthyroid syndrome in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(12):1860–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Coceani M, Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Carpeggiani C, L’Abbate A. Thyroid hormone and coronary artery disease: from clinical correlations to prognostic implications. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32(7):380–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kozdag G, Ural D, Vural A, Agacdiken A, Kahraman G, Sahin T, et al. Relation between free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio, echocardiographic parameters and mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005;7(1):113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Peeters RP, Wouters PJ, van Toor H, Kaptein E, Visser TJ, Van den Berghe G. Serum 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4559–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pingitore A, Iervasi G, Barison A, Prontera C, Pratali L, Emdin M, et al. Early activation of an altered thyroid hormone profile in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. J Card Fail. 2006;12(7):520–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Li X, Chen C, Gan F, Wang Y, Ding L, Hua W. Plasma NT pro-BNP, hs-CRP and big-ET levels at admission as prognostic markers of survival in hospitalized patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a single-center cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:67.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hawkes AL, Patrao TA, Ware R, Atherton JJ, Taylor CB, Oldenburg BF. Predictors of physical and mental health-related quality of life outcomes among myocardial infarction patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013;13:69.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Leon de la Fuente R, Naesgaard PA, Nilsen ST, Woie L, Aarsland T, Gallo P, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and high sensitive C-reactive protein predict 2-year all cause mortality in chest pain patients: a prospective observational study from Salta, Argentina. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;11:57.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jung CH, Rhee EJ, Shin HS, Jo SK, Won JC, Park CY, et al. Higher serum free thyroxine levels are associated with coronary artery disease. Endocr J. 2008;55(5):819–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Popelova JR, Kotaska K, Tomkova M, Tomek J. Usefulness of N-terminal Pro-brain natriuretic peptide to predict mortality in adults with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(9):1425–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wei G, Yaqi R, Ningfu W, Xuwei H. N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiovascular risk in stable coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of nine prospective studies. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2013;14(2–4):e92–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the European Social Fund under the Global Grant measure, Grant VP1-3.1-SMM-07-K-02-060.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania

    Julija Brozaitiene, Narseta Mickuviene, Aurelija Podlipskyte, Julius Burkauskas & Robertas Bunevicius

Authors
  1. Julija Brozaitiene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Narseta Mickuviene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aurelija Podlipskyte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Julius Burkauskas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robertas Bunevicius
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julius Burkauskas.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

JB wrote the manuscript and served as an expert on cardiology. NM served as an expert in endocrinology providing substantive feedback on the analysis and made major contributions to the writing of the manuscript. AP was involved with the statistical analysis and assisted with final solutions and presentation of the data. JB§ contributed substantially to the improvements of the analysis of the written manuscript. RB was guarantor of this work and, as such, made leading contributions to conception and design of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript, except RB, who very sadly passed away while the manuscript was still under construction. 

Robertas Bunevicius deceased

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brozaitiene, J., Mickuviene, N., Podlipskyte, A. et al. Relationship and prognostic importance of thyroid hormone and N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide for patients after acute coronary syndromes: a longitudinal observational study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 16, 45 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0226-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0226-2

Keywords

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

Contact us