Jose P, Frank A, Kapphahn K, Goldstein B, Eggleston K, Hastings K, Cullen M, Palaniappan L. Cardiovascular disease mortality in Asian Americans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(23):2486–94.
Article
Google Scholar
Patel M, Abatcha S, Uthman O. Ethnic differences between South Asians and White Caucasians in cardiovascular disease-related mortality in developed countries: a systematic literature review. Syst Rev. 2022;29(1):207.
Article
Google Scholar
Hastings K, Jose P, Kapphahn K, Frank A, Goldstein B, Thompson C, Eggleston K, Cullen M, Palaniappan L. Leading causes of death among asian american subgroups (2003–2011). PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0124341.
Article
Google Scholar
Pursnani S, Merchant M. South asian ethnicity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2020;315:126–30.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Arnett D, Blumenthal R, Albert M, Buroker A, Goldberger Z, Hahn E, Himmelfarb C, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy W, Michos E, Miedema M, Munoz D, Smith S Jr, Virani S, Williams Sr K, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596-646.
Google Scholar
Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O’Donnell CJ, Robinson JG, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Sorlie P, Stone NJ, Wilson PWF. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 pt B):2935–59.
Article
Google Scholar
Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889–934.
Article
Google Scholar
Volgman A, Palaniappan L, Aggarwal N, Gupta M, Khandelwal A, Krishnan A, Lichtman J, Mehta L, Patel H, Shah K, Shah S, Watson K. Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(1):e1-34.
Article
Google Scholar
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;23:357.
Google Scholar
D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743–53. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579.
Article
Google Scholar
The ARIC investigators. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC). Study: design and objectives. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129(4):687–702.
Article
Google Scholar
Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, Hughes GH, Hulley SB, Jacobs DR Jr, Liu K, Savage PJ. CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(11):1105–16.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Khera A, Budoff MJ, O’Donnell CJ, Ayers CA, Locke J, de Lemos JA, Massaro JM, McClelland RL, Taylor A, Levine BD. Astronaut cardiovascular health and risk modification (Astro-CHARM) coronary calcium atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk calculator. Circulation. 2018;23(17):1819–27.
Article
Google Scholar
Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, Greenland P, Jacob DR Jr, Kronmal R, Liu K, Nelson JC, O’Leary D, Saad MF, Shea S, Szklo M, Tracy RP. Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):871–81.
Article
Google Scholar
Kanaya AM, Kandula N, Herrington D, Budoff MJ, Hulley S, Vittinghoff E, Liu K. Mediators of atherosclerosis in South Asians living in America (MASALA) study: objectives, methods, and cohort description. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(12):713–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D’Agostino RB, Sr, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, Peterson ED. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med. 2014;10(15):1422–31.
Article
Google Scholar
Rana J, Tabada G, Solomon M, Lo J, Jaffe M, Sung S, Ballantyne C, Go A. Accuracy of the atherosclerotic Cardiovascular risk equation in a large contemporary, multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(18):2118–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Ashraf T, Mengal MN, Muhammad AS, Tareen AK, Khan MN, Kazmi KA, Nadeem A, Sarwar S, Bashir Z, Qamar N, Karim M. Ten years risk assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease using Astro-CHARM and pooled cohort equation in a south Asian sub-population. BMC Public Health. 2020;27(1):403.
Article
Google Scholar
Al Rifai M, Cainzos-Achirica M, Kanaya AM, Kandula NR, Dardardi Z, Joshi PH, Patel J, Budoff M, Yeboah J, Guallar E, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ. Discordance between 10-year cardiovascular risk estimates using the ACC/AHA 2013 estimator and coronary artery calcium in individuals from 5 racial/ethnic groups: comparing MASALA and MESA. Atherosclerosis. 2018;279:122–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kandula NR, Kanaya AM, Liu K, Lee JY, Herrington D, Hulley SB, Persell SD, Lloyd-Jones DM, Huffman MD. Association of 10-year and lifetime predicted cardiovascular disease risk with subclinical atherosclerosis in South Asians: findings from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Oct 2;3(5):e001117.
Patel A, Wang M, Kartoun U, Ng K, Khera A. Quantifying and understanding the higher risk of atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease among south asian individuals: results from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study. Circulation. 2021;144(6):410–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gordon N, Lin T. The Kaiser Permanente northern california adult member health survey. Permanente J. 2016;20(4):15–225.
Article
Google Scholar
Silverman M, Ference B, Im K, Wiviott S, Giugliano R, Grundy S, Braunwald E, Sabatine M. Association between lowering LDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289–97.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kavousi M, Leening M, Nanchen D, Greenland P, Graham I, Steyerberg E, Ikram M, Stricker B, Hofman A, Franco O. Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, adult treatment panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in a european cohort. JAMA. 2014;311(14):1416–23.
Article
Google Scholar
DeFilippis A, Young R, Carrubba C, McEvoy J, Budoff M, Blumenthal R, Kronmal R, McClelland, Nasir K, Blaha M. An analysis of calibration and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):266–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Reissigova J, Zvarova J. The Framingham risk function underestimated absolute coronary heart disease risk in czech men. Methods Inf Med. 2007;46(1):43–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Comin E, Solanas P, Cabezas C, Subirana I, Ramos R, Gene-Badia J, Cordon F, Grau M, Cabre-Vila J, Marrugat J. Estimating cardiovascular risk in Spain using different algorithms. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007;60(7):693–702.
Google Scholar
Hermansson J, Kahan T. Systematic review of validity assessments of Framingham Risk score results in Health economic modelling of lipid-modifying therapies in Europe. Pharm Econ. 2018;36(2):205–13.
Article
Google Scholar
D’Agostino, Grundy S, Sullivan L, Wilson P. Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA. 2001;286(2):180–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Lai EJ, Grubisic M, Palepu A, et al. Cardiac medication prescribing and adherence after acute myocardial infarction in chinese and south asian canadian patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;11:56.
Article
Google Scholar
Eastwood SV, Mathur R, Sattar N, Smeeth L, Bhaskaran K, Chaturvedi N. Ethnic differences in guideline-indicated statin initiation for people with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care, 2006–2019: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2021;29(6):e1003672.
Article
Google Scholar
Akeroyd JM, Chan WJ, Kamal AK, Palaniappan L, Virani SS. Adherence to cardiovascular medications in the south asian population: a systematic review of current evidence and future directions. World J Cardiol. 2015;26(12):938–47.
Article
Google Scholar
Cesaro A, Gragnano F, Fimiani F, Moscarella E, Diana V, Pariggiano I, Concilio C, Natale F, Limongelli G, Bossone E, Calabrò P. Impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on the quality of life of patients at high cardiovascular risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 Mar;27(5):556–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Baruah MP, Bhowmick A, Bhuyan S, Bhuyan SB, Deka J, Bora SS. Impact of anti-diabetic medications on quality of life in persons with type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;25(5):432–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, Ward K, Ebrahim S. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1):CD004816.
Google Scholar