Table 2 Characteristics of patients with toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus during the postpartum period
Case | Case Reference | Year of Report | Age | Gravidity / Parity | Underlying Diseases | Chief complaint | Delivery | Days after delivery | Entry of the Infection | Pathogen | Toxin | Complication of heart failure | Antimicrobial regimen | IVIg | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sorrell | 1981 | 28 | G0P0 | Vaginal moniliasis | Fever, chills | CS | 2 | SSI | MSSA | N/A | Yes | Oral amoxycillin 500Â mg thrice, and metronidazole 200Â mg thrice daily, followed by flucloxacillin IV 4Â g for 14Â days, metronidazole 500Â mg thrice for 10Â days and gentamicin for 14Â days | None | N/A |
2 | Whitefield | 1981 | 24 | G1P0 | None | Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, headache, myalgia | VD | 1 | Endometritis | MSSA | TSST-1 | No | Ampicillin 1Â g IV every four hours for 2Â days, followed by nafcillin 2Â g IV every four hours | None | Cure |
3 | Green | 1982 | 28 | G2P2 | None | Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore throat, myalgia arthralgias | VD | 1 | Endometritis/episiotomy | MSSA | N/A | No | Cefoxitin and tobramycin, followed by dicloxacillin | None | Cure |
4 | Bracero | 1982 | 25 | G2P1 | N/A | Fever, chills, diarrhea | VD | 1 | Perineum | MSSA | N/A | No | Ampicillin, followed by Cefazolin for 5Â days | None | Cure |
5 | Cheek | 1982 | 25 | G2P1 | None | Fever, lower abdominal pain | VD | 2 | N/A | MSSA | N/A | No | Methicillin | None | Cure |
6 | Guerinot | 1982 | 24 | G0P0 | N/A | Fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | VD | 1 | Perineum | MSSA, β hemolytic Streptococcus | N/A | No | Ampicillin, kanamycin, followed by penicillin, clindamycin, kanamycin, followed by tetracycline, nafcillin, clindamycin | None | Cure |
7 | Chow | 1984 | 28 | G2P1 | None | Fever, vomiting, generalized rash | VD | 3 | Endometritis/episiotomy | MSSA | Enterotoxin C | No | Cloxacillin 500Â mg every 6Â h orally for 5Â days | None | Cure |
8 | Katoh | 1988 | 29 | G4P2 | N/A | Fever, diarrhea, general myalgia, general erythema | VD | 6 | Endometritis | S. aureus | Enterotoxin C, TSST-1 | No | Fosfomycin 2Â g thrice, tobramycin 60Â mg thrice, followed by minocycline | None | Cure |
9 | Derney | 1989 | 23 | G0P0 | N/A | Fever, chills, myalgia, throat pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, generalized itching, diffuse myalgia, pain in the right breast | N/A | 8 | Mastitis | MSSA | N/A | No | Erythromycin, followed by cloxacillin and amikacin | None | Cure |
10 | Kadoya | 1996 | 32 | N/A | SLE | Fever, diarrhea, erosive erosions of the vulva, sore throat, erythema of limbs | VD | 2 | Perineum | MRSA | TSST-1 | No | Vancomycin | None | Cure |
11 | Gregg | 1997 | 26 | N/A | None | Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mild soreness in the left breast | VD | 8 | Mastitis | S. aureus | N/A | No | Nafcillin, followed by vancomycin | None | Cure |
12 | Kisaka | 1997 | 28 | G0P0 | N/A | Fever, diarrhea, erythema, myalgia | VD | 2 | Perineum | MRSA | N/A | No | Fosfomycin, levofloxacin, followed by minocycline, vancomycin, followed by amikacin, vancomycin, followed by sulfamethoxazole—trimethoprim, vancomycin for total 14 days | None | Cure |
13 | Ohashi | 2000 | 37 | G1P1 | Diabetes mellitus, acromegaly, hypopituitarism | Fever, generalized erythema, dizziness | VD | 1 | N/A | MRSA | N/A | No | Flomoxef, followed by imipenem / cilastatin, followed by vancomycin for total 13Â days | 5000Â mg/day for 3Â days | Cure |
14 | Ohashi | 2000 | 20 | G0P0 | None | Fever, sore throat, skin rash on lower extremities and abdomen, myalgia | VD | 27 | N/A | MRSA | N/A | No | Cefotiam, followed by amikacin, followed by vancomycin for total 7Â days | None | Cure |
15 | Fujiwara | 2001 | 23 | G1P1 | Febrile convulsion | Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, general malaise, generalized erythema, pruritus, myalgia in the abdomen and back, photophobia, eyelid conjunctiva hyperemia, fainting, oliguria | VD | 21 | Mastitis | MRSA | TSST-1, enterotoxin C | No | Cefteram pivoxil 300Â mg/day, followed by vancomycin, imipenem / cilastatin, followed by arbekacin for total 21Â days | None | Cure |
16 | Tanaka | 2002 | 25 | N/A | None | Fever, generalized erythema | VD | 5 | Perineum | MRSA | TSST-1 | No | Cefdinir for 5Â days, followed by flomoxef for 7Â days | None | Cure |
17 | Andrews | 2008 | 20 | N/A | None | Fever, left breast tenderness, rash, chills | CS | 28 | Mastitis | MRSA | Enterotoxin B | No | Clindamycin, tazobactam / piperacillin, followed by clindamycin, vancomycin for total 14Â days | None | Cure |
18 | Collet | 2009 | 38 | N/A | N/A | Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, lower back pain at the left side | VD | 28 | Endometritis | MRSA | TSST-1 | No | Cefotaxime, vancomycin, metronidazole, followed by vancomycin for total 10Â days | None | Cure |
19 | Saito | 2010 | 28 | N/A | None | Fever, generalized erythema | CS | 9 | Endometritis | MRSA | N/A | No | Teicoplanin, clindamycin | 5000Â mg/day for 3Â days | Cure |
20 | Ito | 2011 | 32 | N/A | N/A | Fever, generalized erythema, diarrhea | VD | 8 | Endometritis | MRSA | TSST-1 | No | Cefcapene pivoxil, followed by ciprofloxacin, followed by vancomycin | None | Cure |
21 | Manabe | 2016 | 36 | N/A | None | Fever, general fatigue, diarrhea, extensive macular erythematous | CS | 3 | SSI | MRSA | TSST-1, enterotoxin C | No | Sulbactam / Ampicillin, clindamycin, followed by sulbactam / ampicillin, clindamycin, linezolid | None | N/A |
22 | Deguchi | 2017 | 32 | G4P3 | None | Fever, focal perineal pain | VD | 12 | Perineum | MRSA | TSST-1 | No | Ceftriaxone, clindamycin for 11Â days | None | Cure |
23 | Gokaraju | 2017 | 28 | N/A | None | Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | VD | 12 | Mastitis | MSSA | N/A | No | Meropenem, clindamycin, vancomycin, followed by nafcillin, clindamycin | None | Cure |
24 | Masuko | 2018 | 34 | G6P2 | None | Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and blisters on both upper limbs | CS | 4 | SSI | MRSA | TSST-1 | No | Flomoxef, followed by ampicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, micafungin, followed by, ampicillin, clindamycin, ampicillin, clindamycin, | 5000Â mg/day for 3Â days | N/A |
25 | Shibata | 2021 | 33 | G0P0 | None | Fever, uterine tenderness, lip edema, systemic erythema, epidermal detachment, diarrhea | CS | 1 | N/A | MRSA | N/A | No | Clindamycin, followed by teicoplanin and meropenem for total 12Â days | None | Cure |
26 | Shibata | 2021 | 26 | G0P0 | None | Fever, strawberry tongue, angular cheilitis, diarrhea, skin symptoms (redness and papules) | CS | 4 | Perineum | MRSA | N/A | No | Cefazolin, followed by sulbactam/ampicillin, followed by vancomycin for total 12Â days | None | Cure |
PR | Suzuki | 2020 | 34 | G0P0 | None | Dyspnea, pitting edema, erythema, fever, diarrhea | VD | 8 | Perineum | MSSA | TSST-1 | Yes | Ceftriaxone, metronidazole, ampicillin, clindamycin, followed by cefepime, metronidazole, clindamycin, followed by cefazolin for total 14Â days | None | Cure |