Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature is making SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research free. View research | View latest news | Sign up for updates

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic impact of cancer among patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or percutaneous coronary intervention

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 20, Article number: 38 (2020) Cite this article

  • 186 Accesses

Abstract

Background

Patients with cancer admitted for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) represent a growing and high-risk population. The influence of co-existing cancer on mortality remains unclear in such patients. We aimed to assess the impact of cancer on early and late, all-cause and cardiac mortality in the setting of ACS and/or PCI.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing outcomes of patients with and without a history of cancer admitted for ACS and/or PCI.

Results

Six studies including 294,528 ACS patients and three studies including 39,973 PCI patients were selected for our meta-analysis. Patients with cancer had increased rates of in-hospital all-cause death (RR 1.74 [1.22; 2.47]), cardiac death (RR 2.44 [1.73; 3.44]) and bleeding (RR 1.64 [1.35; 1.98]) as well as one-year all-cause death (RR 2.62 [1.2; 5.73]) and cardiac death (RR 1.89 [1.25; 2.86]) in ACS studies. Rates of long term all-cause (RR 1.96 [1.52; 2.53]) but not cardiac death were higher in cancer patients admitted for PCI.

Conclusion

Cancer patients represent a high-risk population both in the acute phase and at long-term after an ACS or PCI. The magnitude of the risk of mortality should however be tempered by the heterogeneity among studies. Early and long term optimal management of such patients should be promoted in clinical practice.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Coronary artery disease and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide [1]. Cancer-related mortality has declined over the past decades due to earlier detection and advances in treatment [2, 3]. Consequently, patients with a history of cancer represent a growing population in general.

Patients with coronary artery disease and cancer often share common risk factors such as advanced age, sedentary lifestyle and smoking [4]. Anticancer therapies such as radiotherapy [5, 6] or drugs [7] are associated with an increased risk of coronary disease including myocardial infarction. Therefore, rates of history of cancer in patients admitted for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are increasing in clinical practice but the data about the impact of a history of cancer on all-cause and more specifically cardiac mortality remain limited.

The aim of this study was to assess the in-hospital and long-term mortality among patients with and without a history of cancer using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach of published data in the setting of ACS and/or PCI.

Methods

Search strategy and studies’ selection

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for the systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a systematic literature review by formal searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE (source PubMed) and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register Database through September 2018. Relevant trials were identified by a combination of medical subject headings including the following terms: acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, acute myocardial infarction, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, ST elevation myocardial infarction, cancer, neoplasm, mortality, outcomes and prognosis. References from reviews and selected articles were also reviewed for potential relevant citations. Studies were selected by 2 independent reviewers (VR and LV).

We restricted our analysis to the trials that met all of the following inclusion criteria: (1) comparison between patients with history of cancer, active or not (cancer group) and non-cancer patients; (2) patients admitted for an ACS and/or PCI; (3) available data on mortality. We excluded studies with no comparison between cancer and non-cancer patients.

Outcomes

The primary outcomes assessed by the study were all-cause and cardiac in-hospital mortality. One study [8] reported 30-day mortality which was considered as early hence gathered with in-hospital mortality in the analysis. In-hospital bleeding, as defined in each study, was also included in the analysis. Long-term mortality was based on the longest follow-up available for each study.

Assessment of risk of bias

We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for assessment of risk of bias. This scale assesses risk of bias in the following 3 domains: selection of the study groups, comparability of groups, and ascertainment of exposure. Studies with scores of less than 4 were considered to have a high risk of bias, those with scores of 4 to 6 an intermediate risk of bias, and those with scores of 7 or more a low risk of bias.

Statistical analysis

The total numbers of patients experiencing or not the outcomes of interest in each arm extracted directly from the publications were used for the analyses. Results are presented as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Outcomes from individual studies were combined using the Mantel–Haenzel fixed and random-effect models. Heterogeneity across studies was studied by the Cochran’s Q statistic with a p value set at 0.1. The I2 was also taken into account regardless of the p value. An I2 of ≥50% was the pre-specified threshold considered too high to provide consistent analysis. The random-effect model was considered for the primary analysis. A fixed effect-model was also reported in figures, considered as a sensitivity analysis only. Tests were two-tailed and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression test were used to assess publication bias. R software version 3.5.2 (2018-12-20) for MacOS (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) with Meta package was used for the analysis.

Results

A total of 9 studies were selected for the meta-analysis: 6 studies [8,9,10,11,12,13] in the setting of ACS and 3 studies [14,15,16] in the setting of PCI (elective or for ACS), including 294,528 and 39,973 patients respectively. The review process is depicted in Fig. 1. Most studies were registries [9, 11,12,13,14, 16], one was obtained from databases [8] and the two remaining from retrospective cohorts [10, 15]. Two studies reported only pair-matched comparison results [11, 15] and two others used propensity scores [8, 14]. In one study [13] results were available in matched and unmatched groups: our principal meta-analysis was performed using the unmatched group as more endpoints were available and most included studies were not matched (the sensitivity analysis with the matched group of this study is reported in the Additional file 1). For one PCI study [16], the results of the subgroup of patients who underwent PCI for ACS were available and included in the ACS meta-analysis (named Nakastuma-AMI).

Fig. 1
figure1

Flow diagram of meta-analysis studies’ selection

Full size image

The major characteristics of the patients of each study are detailed in Table 1 for ACS studies and Table 2 for PCI studies. Overall, cancer patients represented 8.1% (5.6 to 23.4%) and 6.5% (3.3 to 9.1%) of all patients in the ACS and PCI studies respectively. Duration of long-term follow-up ranged between 5.3 and 11 years [8, 14,15,16].

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients with acute coronary syndrome in selected studies
Full size table
Table 2 Demographic characteristics of patients admitted for percutaneous coronary intervention in selected studies
Full size table

The analysis showed increased rates of in-hospital all-cause death (RR 1.74 [1.22; 2.47]; Fig. 2a), cardiac death (RR 2.44 [1.73; 3.44]; Fig. 2b) and bleeding (RR 1.64 [1.35; 1.98]; Fig. 2f) as well as one-year all-cause death (RR 2.62 [1.2; 5.73]; Fig. 2c) and cardiac death (RR 1.89 [1.25; 2.86]; Fig. 2d) in the cancer group compared to the non-cancer group in ACS studies. Long-term all-cause death did not significantly differ (Fig. 2e) between groups. The consistency was low for the in hospital and one-year all-cause death outcomes (I2 = 87 and 98% respectively). When the matched group of the study by Wang et al. [13] was used, comparisons showed important heterogeneity for in-hospital and long-term all-cause and cardiac death (Additional file 1: Figure S1).

Fig. 2
figure2

Forest plots of ACS studies comparing the impact of cancer versus no cancer on in hospital all-cause death (A), in-hospital cardiac death (B), one-year all-cause death (C), one-year cardiac death (D), long-term all-cause death (E) and in-hospital bleeding (F)

Full size image

In the PCI studies, the meta-analysis showed only increased rates of long-term all-cause death (RR 1.96 [1.52; 2.53]; Fig. 3a) in the cancer group but with very low consistency (I2 = 97%). Long-term cardiac death did not significantly differ between groups (Fig. 3b).

Fig. 3
figure3

Forest plots of PCI studies comparing the impact of cancer versus no cancer on long-term all-cause death (A) and long-term cardiac death (B)

Full size image

Funnel plots showed publication bias for in-hospital and one-year all-cause death but not for cardiac death in all analyses and in-hospital bleeding (Additional file 1: Figure S2). The studies were judged to be at intermediate or low risk of bias using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (Additional file 2).

Discussion

Our analysis shows that overall 8.1% of the patients admitted for an ACS have a history of cancer. Such patients are at higher risk of in-hospital and one-year, all-cause and cardiac mortality as well as in-hospital bleeding compared to those without cancer. However the results should be tempered because of high heterogeneity and publication bias with the exception of cardiac death, which was consistently increased in cancer patients. Among PCI studies, cancer patients were at higher risk of all-cause but not cardiac long-term mortality.

Cancer patients represent a growing and high-risk population in the setting of ACS. Our meta-analysis confirmed the worse, in-hospital and one-year, prognosis of cancer patients. Even if the magnitude of the relative risk of early and late all-cause mortality should be tempered by the heterogeneity among studies, all included studies consistently showed a worse prognosis in such patients. The heterogeneity among studies may be explained by the differences in sample size and statistical methods. Additionally, the small increase of all-cause death in cancer patients observed in the largest study by Gong et al. [8] -that differs from other results- is explained by their selection of cancer survivors only (without cancer treatment nor diagnosis within the last year). Patients with cancer are older, more often women and have more comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, history of heart failure and stroke [8, 9, 11, 12], compared to non-cancer patients. These conditions are associated with poor prognosis in ACS patients [17,18,19,20]. Increased risk of mortality may also be explained by the prothrombotic state associated with cancer, due to reduced fibrinolysis and production of procoagulants -such as tissue factor- and inflammatory cytokines by the tumor [21] as well as tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation [22]. Moreover malignancy is associated with the risk of stent thrombosis [23]. Finally, patients with cancer are less likely to receive optimal guideline recommended medications [9, 11, 24].

The use of early invasive strategy, and PCI if needed, is associated with improved outcome after ACS [25, 26]. A less frequent use of PCI or drug eluting stents in patients with a history of cancer admitted for ACS has been reported [9, 11, 12] but current data remain conflicting [8]. A recent study reported that optimal medical therapy was prescribed in only one third of cancer patients at discharge [27]. The higher comorbidities associated with cancer such as renal impairment, asthenia and anemia [8, 9, 11, 16] may contribute to the suboptimal use of invasive strategy and evidence-based recommended medication. Moreover, the use of potent antithrombotic treatments may be limited in such patients because of the higher early bleeding risk found in our study. Explanations for higher bleeding risk may include the tumour-bleeding risk, the more frequent need for surgery, the drug-induced bone marrow toxicity and malnutrition [28] as well as comorbidities especially older age and renal impairment. Extensive data have shown that bleeding in ACS is associated with high risk of mortality [29, 30].

Considering the growing number of cancer patients admitted for ACS and their higher risk of death and bleeding, optimal management of these patients is crucial in clinical practice. The main cause of in-hospital mortality after ACS remains cardiac death [12, 13]. A reported, increased use of invasive coronary strategies and pharmacotherapies in such patients has been associated with a decline of mortality over the same time period [8]. A tailored approach appears important to reduce both the risk of cardiac death and bleeding during the acute phase. A multidisciplinary approach with a cardio-oncologist may be helpful for the early and long term management of such complex patient population [31]. The higher rates of long term all-cause but not cardiac death in cancer patients admitted for PCI highlights the fact that non-cardiovascular comorbidities may be of greater prognostic importance over the years after an ACS [32] as cancer patients will mostly die of cancer at long-term [13].

Limitations

Our meta-analysis was not performed on individual patient data. We pooled together studies with a large degree of clinical heterogeneity which is mirrored by the statistical heterogeneity across some outcomes. Cancer patients are excluded from most trials and limited data are available from observational studies. This point is a limit but also a justification for our meta-analysis. Cancer drugs may have influenced the hemorrhagic risk because of their potential different interactions with antiplatelet agents but these data were not available for more detailed analysis. Finally data on the cancer type or the time interval between cancer diagnosis and ACS which may highly impact the prognosis [12] were not available for further analysis.

Conclusion

Cancer patients represent a growing and high-risk patient population admitted for ACS. Our study showed that this population is at higher risk of in-hospital and one-year, all-cause and cardiac mortality as well as higher in-hospital bleeding risk compared to non-cancer patients. Even if the magnitude of the risk of all-cause mortality should be tempered by the heterogeneity among studies, all studies show higher risks of mortality in such patients. The consistent results with respect to the risk of cardiac mortality, especially the twice higher risk of in-hospital cardiac death, support optimal management of these patients with a tailored pharmaceutical and invasive strategy in the acute phase.

Availability of data and materials

All data analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Abbreviations

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

CI:

Confidence intervals

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary intervention

PRISMA:

Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis

RR:

Relative risks

References

  1. 1.

    2016. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 388:1459–544.

  2. 2.

    Ryerson AB, Eheman CR, Altekruse SF, Ward JW, Jemal A, Sherman RL, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of Cancer, 1975-2012, featuring the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Cancer. 2016;122:1312–37.

  3. 3.

    Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:7–30.

  4. 4.

    Gu D, Kelly TN, Wu X, Chen J, Samet JM, Huang JF, et al. Mortality attributable to smoking in China. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:150–9.

  5. 5.

    Darby SC, Ewertz M, Mcgale P, Bennet AM, Blom-Goldman U, Bronnum D, et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:987–98.

  6. 6.

    Hooning MJ, Botma A, Aleman BM, Baaijens MH, Bartelink H, Klijn JG, et al. Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in 10-year survivors of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:365–75.

  7. 7.

    Yeh ET, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2231–47.

  8. 8.

    Gong IY, Yan AT, Ko DT, Earle CC, Cheung WY, Peacock S, et al. Temporal changes in treatments and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction among cancer survivors and patients without cancer, 1995 to 2013. Cancer. 2018;124:1269–78.

  9. 9.

    Iannaccone M, D'ascenzo F, Vadala P, Wilton SB, Noussan P, Colombo F, et al. Prevalence and outcome of patients with cancer and acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a BleeMACS substudy. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7:631–8.

  10. 10.

    Kurisu S, Iwasaki T, Ishibashi K, Mitsuba N, Dohi Y, Kihara Y. Comparison of treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction between cancer patients and non-cancer patients. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:2335–7.

  11. 11.

    Rohrmann S, Witassek F, Erne P, Rickli H, Radovanovic D. Treatment of patients with myocardial infarction depends on history of cancer. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7:639–45.

  12. 12.

    Velders MA, Boden H, Hofma SH, Osanto S, Van Der Hoeven BL, Heestermans AA, et al. Outcome after ST elevation myocardial infarction in patients with cancer treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1867–72.

  13. 13.

    Wang F, Gulati R, Lennon RJ, Lewis BR, Park J, Sandhu GS, et al. Cancer history portends worse acute and long-term noncardiac (but not cardiac) mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:1680–92.

  14. 14.

    Hess CN, Roe MT, Clare RM, Chiswell K, Kelly J, Tcheng JE, et al. Relationship between Cancer and cardiovascular outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4.

  15. 15.

    Landes U, Kornowski R, Bental T, Assali A, Vaknin-Assa H, Lev E, et al. Long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions in cancer survivors. Coron Artery Dis. 2017;28:5–10.

  16. 16.

    Nakatsuma K, Shiomi H, Morimoto T, Watanabe H, Nakagawa Y, Furukawa Y, et al. Influence of a history of cancer on long-term cardiovascular outcomes after coronary stent implantation (an observation from coronary revascularization demonstrating outcome study-Kyoto registry Cohort-2). Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2018;4:200–7.

  17. 17.

    Alexander KP, Newby LK, Armstrong PW, Cannon CP, Gibler WB, Rich MW, et al. Acute coronary care in the elderly, part II: ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Council on clinical cardiology: in collaboration with the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Circulation. 2007;115:2570–89.

  18. 18.

    Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2345–53.

  19. 19.

    Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the task force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:119–77.

  20. 20.

    Piccolo R, Franzone A, Koskinas KC, Raber L, Pilgrim T, Valgimigli M, et al. Effect of diabetes mellitus on frequency of adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118:345–52.

  21. 21.

    De Cicco M. The prothrombotic state in cancer: pathogenic mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2004;50:187–96.

  22. 22.

    Hara Y, Steiner M, Baldini MG. Characterization of the platelet-aggregating activity of tumor cells. Cancer Res. 1980;40:1217–22.

  23. 23.

    Van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, Zomer AC, Kelder JC, Suttorp MJ, Rensing BJ, et al. Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: the Dutch stent thrombosis registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1399–409.

  24. 24.

    Hu J, Xie Y, Shu Z, Yang W, Zhan S. Trends in the use of guideline-recommended medications and in-hospital mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction in a Chinese population. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0118777.

  25. 25.

    Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1319–25.

  26. 26.

    Puymirat E, Taldir G, Aissaoui N, Lemesle G, Lorgis L, Cuisset T, et al. Use of invasive strategy in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is a major determinant of improved long-term survival: FAST-MI (French registry of acute coronary syndrome). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:893–902.

  27. 27.

    Iannaccone M, F DA, De Filippo O, Gagliardi M, southern DA, Raposeiras-Roubin S, et al. Optimal medical therapy in patients with malignancy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome: a BleeMACS sub-study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017;17:61–71.

  28. 28.

    Birgegard G, Aapro MS, Bokemeyer C, Dicato M, Drings P, Hornedo J, et al. Cancer-related anemia: pathogenesis, prevalence and treatment. Oncology. 2005;68(Suppl 1):3–11.

  29. 29.

    Boden H, Velders MA, Van Der Hoeven BL, Cannegieter SC, Schalij MJ. In-hospital major bleeding and its clinical relevance in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1533–9.

  30. 30.

    Moscucci M, Fox KA, Cannon CP, Klein W, Lopez-Sendon J, Montalescot G, et al. Predictors of major bleeding in acute coronary syndromes: the global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE). Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1815–23.

  31. 31.

    Barac A, Murtagh G, Carver JR, Chen MH, Freeman AM, Herrmann J, et al. Cardiovascular health of patients with Cancer and Cancer survivors: a roadmap to the next level. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2739–46.

  32. 32.

    Vagnarelli F, Taglieri N, Ortolani P, Norscini G, Cinti L, Bacchi Reggiani ML, et al. Long-term outcomes and causes of death after acute coronary syndrome in patients in the Bologna, Italy, area. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:171–7.

Download references

Acknowledgements

not applicable.

Funding

none.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
    • Vincent Roule
    • , Laurine Verdier
    • , Katrien Blanchart
    • , Pierre Ardouin
    • , Adrien Lemaitre
    • , Mathieu Bignon
    • , Rémi Sabatier
    •  & Farzin Beygui
  2. Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA 4650 Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d’ischémie-reperfusion myocardique, 14000, Caen, France
    • Vincent Roule
    • , Joachim Alexandre
    •  & Farzin Beygui
  3. CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Pharmacologie, 14000, Caen, France
    • Joachim Alexandre
Authors
  1. Search for Vincent Roule in:
  2. Search for Laurine Verdier in:
  3. Search for Katrien Blanchart in:
  4. Search for Pierre Ardouin in:
  5. Search for Adrien Lemaitre in:
  6. Search for Mathieu Bignon in:
  7. Search for Rémi Sabatier in:
  8. Search for Joachim Alexandre in:
  9. Search for Farzin Beygui in:

Contributions

VR and LV: extraction, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript; KB PA AL MB RS: analysis of data, manuscript revision; JA and FB: design and revision; FB: statistical analysis; All: final approval of the manuscript submitted.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vincent Roule.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

not applicable.

Consent for publication

not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Forest plots of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) studies comparing the impact of cancer versus absence of cancer on in hospital all-cause death (A), in-hospital cardiac death (B), long-term all-cause death (C) and long-term cardiac death (CD) including the matched comparison for the study of Wang et al. Figure S2. Funnel plots in the acute coronary syndrome studies (panel A = In-hospital all-cause death; panel B = In-hospital cardiac death; panel C = One-year all-cause death; panel D = One-year cardiac death; panel E = In-hospital bleeding). Egger’s test was not applicable for one-year cardiac death and in-hospital bleeding as there were only 2 studies.

Additional file 2: Table S1. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for risk of bias assessment of studies included in the meta-Analysis.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Roule, V., Verdier, L., Blanchart, K. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic impact of cancer among patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 20, 38 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01352-0

Download citation

Keywords

  • Cancer
  • Prognosis
  • Acute coronary syndrome
  • Percutaneous coronary intervention

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

Contact us