- Research article
- Open access
- Published:
Significant association between admission serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and early changes in myocardial function in patients with first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 19, Article number: 107 (2019)
Abstract
Background
Recent studies have indicated that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in the initiation and progression of ischaemic heart disease. However, no previous research has investigated the correlation between serum MCP-1 levels and early changes in myocardial function in patients with ST-segmental elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Methods
A total of 87 STEMI patients who had undergone a successful primary PCI were consecutively recruited. All the patients included in this study were grouped into two subgroups according to the median value of MCP-1 upon admission. An early change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was defined as (LVEF at 3 months post-STEMI)-(LVEF at 2 days post-STEMI).
Results
Serum MCP-1 levels increased gradually over time during the first 72 h after the onset of STEMI. The concentration of hypersensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) upon admission as well as at 24 h and 72 h after primary PCI, especially the peak hs-cTnI concentration, declined significantly in the low admission MCP-1 group. As continuous variable, admission MCP-1 also correlated positively with admission hs-cTnI, hs-cTnI at 24 h after primary PCI, and peak hs-cTnI. Additionally, the absolute early change in LVEF improved markedly in the low admission MCP-1 group (3.77% ± 6.05% vs − 0.18% ± 7.69%, p = 0.009) compared to that in the high admission MCP-1 group. Most importantly, the global LVEF in the low admission MCP-1 group also improved significantly at 3 months compared to baseline LVEF (55.79% ± 7.05% vs 59.60% ± 6.51%, p = 0.011), while an improvement in global LVEF was not observed in the high admission MCP-1 group. Furthermore, as a continuous variable, the MCP-1 level up admission also correlated negatively with early changes in LVEF (r = − 0.391, p = 0.001). After assessment by multiple linear regression analysis, the MCP-1 level upon admission remained correlated with early changes in LVEF [beta = − 0.089, 95% CI (− 0.163 to − 0.015), p = 0.020].
Conclusion
MCP-1 upon admission not only correlated positively with hs-cTnI at different time points and peak hs-cTnI, but also associated inversely with early improvements in myocardial function in patients with first STEMI. So we speculated that suppression the expression of MCP-1 via various ways may be a promising therapeutic target in myocardial I/R injury in the future.
Background
Recently, multiple clinical and experimental evidence have supported inflammation as a critical regulatory process that links multiple traditional risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance with the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1, 2]. The inflammatory response is more complicated in regard to ST-element elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which involves the coordinated activation of a series of inflammatory cytokines and has a profound influence on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, leading to subsequent negative remodelling [3, 4]. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the association between inflammatory cytokines and adaptive/maladaptive myocardial healing processes and to determine their benefits in clinical practice.
Chemokines are a subset of inflammatory cytokines that participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation and are grouped into subfamilies: CXC chemokines and CC chemokines [5]. As one of the most well-studied CC chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) has shown a significant association with risk factors for atherosclerosis such as age, hypertension, diabetes and renal insufficiency [6,7,8]. In addition, MCP-1 may initiate the formation and progression of atherosclerosis by directly stimulating monocyte infiltration and the accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells [5, 9]. Most importantly, recent evidence from animal models indicated that MCP-1 may play an important role in myocardial I/R injury and negative remodelling through diverse potential mechanisms [10, 11]. However, no previous research has addressed this topic in humans. Therefore, in this research, we investigated the serial change in serum MCP-1 in patients with STEMI and determined the association between the time course of serum MCP-1 and early changes in myocardial function.
Method
Subjects
The present cross-sectional research recruited 87 patients with STEMI from two major hospitals in Beijing, China (Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Daxing Hospital, Capital Medical University) between August 2017 and September 2018. The patients recruited all met the following inclusion criteria: 18 years < age < 80 years, typical chest pain lasting for more than 20 min and no more than 12 h, electrocardiography indicating ST-segment elevation in at least two contiguous leads and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed successfully by experienced interventionists. We excluded patients with any of the following criteria: severe acute heart failure (Killip class III and IV), prior history of myocardial infarction, previous history of coronary artery bypass graft and PCI, rescue angioplasty, current acute infection, malignancy, chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmune disease. Lastly, all the patients recruited were grouped into two subgroups according to the median value of admission MCP-1 level at admission (47.85 pg/ml). Patients with MCP-1 admission levels < 47.85 pg/ml were regarded as the low admission MCP-1 group, while patients with MCP-1 admission levels ≥47.85 pg/ml were considered the high admission MCP-1 group.
Before initiation of the present study, we obtained approval from the ethics committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Da Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University. In addition, we also obtained informed written consent from the recruited patients.
Primary PCI and medication
Before the primary PCI, all the patients included in the present study were pre-treated with a leading dose of aspirin (300 mg) and clopidogrel (600 mg). In addition to antiplatelet therapy, all the patients recruited also received weight-adjust intravenous heparin (70–100 U/kg). The primary PCI was performed according to the newest guidelines. Thrombus aspiration, as well as the choice of a new generation drug-eluting stent (DES) or a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, were left to operator discretion. After the primary PCI, all the patients received dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin 100 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg). Additionally, patients were also prescribed with statins, β-blockers, and an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI).
Clinical data collection
We obtained the demographic and clinical data including age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and Killip class upon admission as well as medical history and medication use through hospital records. In addition to total ischaemia time, angiography and procedural data including single or multiple vessel disease, the number of DES and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade were also obtained. BMI was measured as the ratio of weight (kilogram) to height squared (meter). Total ischaemia time was defined as the time from symptom onset to recanalization of the infarction-associated artery. In addition to the infarction-associated artery, patients with 50% or greater stenoses in other major epicardial vessels were considered to have multiple vessel diseases.
Blood sample measurement
Venous blood samples were obtained upon admission as well as at 24 h and 72 h after primary PCI, followed by centrifugation for 15 min at 2500 rpm. Then, the serum samples were stored at − 80 °C until analysis. Routine blood, urine, and biochemical parameters were all measured in the central laboratory of the Beijing Anzhen Hospital.
In our present study, the concentration of serum MCP-1 and hypersensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) were measured in duplicate by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Blue Gene, Shanghai, China). The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were both < 5%.
Echocardiography
All the patients recruited underwent echocardiography examination by experienced physicians and technicians who were blinded to the clinical data of all patients at 2 days and 3 months post-STEMI. With the supervision of experienced cardiologists, we obtained a standard echocardiography view. Subsequently, we obtained the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) via the modified biplane Simpson method.
Statistical analysis
Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as the mean ± SD, and skewed continuous variables are shown as the median [interquartile range (IQR)]. The difference between normally distributed continuous variables was tested by an unpaired t-test, while skewed variables were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers (%) and were compared by a Chi square test. The association between variables was tested by Spearman correlation testing. Univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to assess the association between the change in LVEF from baseline to 3 months post-STEMI and other variables. All the statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics
The baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. The mean age was 55.51 ± 11.76 years, and 74.7% of the patients were male. For atherosclerosis risk factors, the prevalence of current smoking, hypertension, and diabetes was 69.0, 53.6 and 18.4%, respectively. Most importantly, the total ischaemia time was 278.00 (197.00, 412.00) minutes, which indicated that all the patients recruited underwent primary PCI timely. For the culprit lesion, 56.9% involved the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Additionally, 50.6% of the patients recruited had multiple vessel disease, and an initial TIMI flow grade of 0 was observed in 86.2% of the patients included. Finally, 98.9% of patients were treated with new generation DES, and the mean number of stents was 1.09 ± 0.33.
Additionally, the patients recruited were grouped into two subgroups according to the median value of MCP-1 level upon admission. We observed that the low admission MCP-1 group had a lower baseline LVEF (55.79 ± 7.05% vs 59.16% ± 5.64%, p = 0.016) and a lower prevalence of diabetes (7.0% vs 29.5%, p = 0.011) compared to the high admission MCP-1 group. The low admission MCP-1 group had a high prevalence of culprit vessel lesions in the LAD (69.8% vs 43.2%, p = 0.017), which may account for the low baseline LVEF.
Change in serum MCP-1 levels in patients with STEMI
The mean MCP-1 concentration in patients with STEMI upon admission as well as at 24 h and 72 h after primary PCI was 51.30 ± 19.59 pg/ml, 53.22 ± 22.25 pg/ml and 54.81 ± 22.90 pg/ml, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1, a sustained increase in serum MCP-1 concentration was observed in patients with STEMI. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the MCP-1 level at admission and blood glucose (r = 0. 331, p = 0.002) and triglycerides (r = 0.222, p = 0.039) upon admission, while neither the MCP-1(24 h) nor MCP-1(72 h) level had any association with blood glucose and triglycerides upon admission. Furthermore, the MCP-1 levels at all time points had no significant associations with the total ischaemia time.
Low admission MCP-1 level limits myocardial injury
The hs-cTnI concentration upon admission (36.17 ± 12.70 pg/ml vs 45.36 ± 14.39 pg/ml, p = 0.002), as well as at 24 h (31.90 ± 14.67 pg/ml vs 42.27 ± 15.55 pg/ml, p = 0.002) and 72 h (38.60 ± 14.75 pg/ml vs 48.17 ± 16.28 pg/ml, p = 0.005) after primary PCI were all significantly lower in the low admission MCP-1 group than in the high admission MCP-1 group. Additionally, as shown in Fig. 2 A, the peak hs-cTnI was also lower in the low admission MCP-1 group (43.45 ± 15.02 pg/ml vs 53.84 ± 16.16 pg/ml, p = 0.003). We also found that the MCP-1 level upon admission had a positive correlation with the hs-cTnI level upon admission (r = 0.268, p = 0.012), as well as at 24 h (r = 0.253, p = 0.018) after primary PCI, and it had a trend with hs-cTnI at 72 h (r = 0.155, p = 0.151) after primary PCI. Most importantly, as shown in Fig. 2 B, the MCP-1 level upon admission was also positively correlated with peak hs-cTnI (r = 0.214, p = 0.046).
Additionally, we divided all the patients into two subgroups according to the median value of MCP-1 (24 h). The hs-cTnI level at 72 h after the procedure (39.34 ± 14.75 pg/ml vs 47.45 ± 16.67 pg/ml, p = 0.018) declined markedly in the low MCP-1 group (24 h). The hs-cTnI level upon admission and at 24 h after the procedure as well as the peak hs-cTnI level were all decreased in the low MCP-1 group (24 h), although the data were not significantly different. For MCP-1 (72 h), we also found that the low MCP-1 group had a low hs-cTnI level upon admission as well as at 24 h and 72 h after primary PCI, and the peak hs-cTnI level was low, even though the difference was not significant.
MCP-1 and the change in LVEF during follow-up
The global baseline LVEF (55.79% ± 7.05% vs 59.16% ± 5.64%, p = 0.016) was low in the low admission MCP-1 group due to the high prevalence of culprit vessel lesions in LAD, at least in part (69.8% vs 43.12%, p = 0.017). However, as shown in Fig. 3a, the absolute change in LVEF from baseline to 3 months post-STEMI improved significantly in the low admission MCP-1 group (3.77 ± 6.05% vs − 0.18 ± 7.69%, p = 0.009). Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 3b, the MCP-1 level upon admission was also negatively correlated with early changes in LVEF from baseline to 3 months post-STEMI (r = − 0.391, p = 0.001). Additionally, as shown in Fig. 4, the global LVEF in the low admission MCP-1 group also improved markedly (55.79 ± 7.05% vs 59.60 ± 6.51%, p = 0.011), while the high admission MCP-1 group did not present such an improvement (59.16 ± 5.64% vs 58.98% ± 7.83%, p = 0.901).
For MCP-1 (24 h), the low MCP-1 group also exhibited a large change in LVEF (3.51% ± 6.59% vs 0.07% ± 7.37, p = 0.024) and a significant improvement in LVEF (55.42% ± 7.20% vs 58.98 ± 7.17%, p = 0.024) at 3 months post-STEMI. Additionally, MCP-1 (24 h) was also negatively correlated with early changes in LVEF (r = − 0.282, p = 0.008), while MCP-1(72 h) had no significant association with the change in LVEF.
Univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis
To determine the association among the MCP-1 level upon admission, MCP-1 (24 h) and early changes in LVEF, we performed univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis. As shown in Table 2, where the data were adjusted for other confounding factors including age, sex, diabetes and baseline LVEF, the MCP-1 level upon admission was associated with early changes in LVEF [beta = − 0.089, 95% CI (− 0.163 to − 0.015), p = 0.020], while the MCP-1 level (24 h) was not [beta = − 0.039, 95% CI (− 0.016 to 0.027), p = 0.245].
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the correlation between the time course of MCP-1 levels and early changes in myocardial function in patients with STEMI. First, a sustained elevation in the MCP-1 serum level was observed in the patients recruited during the first 72 h following primary PCI. Second, we show that the MCP-1 level upon admission was predictive of a later change in necrotic markers, while MCP-1 at 24 h and 72 h may not be. Finally, the MCP-1 level upon admission and MCP-1 (24 h) had an inverse correlation with early improvements in myocardial function, but MCP-1 (24 h) was not associated with the early improvement in myocardial function after adjusting for other confounding factors.
Evidence from experimental and clinical studies revealed that C-C chemokines, specifically MCP-1, play crucial pathogenic roles in ischaemic heart disease [12,13,14,15]. Recent evidence from John. Parissis et.al showed that serum MCP-1 was continuously elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during a 7-day hospitalization period compared to that in healthy people [16]. In our present research, serum MCP-1 concentration increased gradually over time in patients with STEMI. Furthermore, Tadashi Kakio et.al pointed out that the amount of MCP-1 mRNA-positive cells in rat hearts increased significantly after reperfusion [17]. This evidence indicated that MCP-1 may play a role in myocardial I/R injury. Additionally, our present research revealed that the MCP-1 level upon admission was positively associated with blood glucose and triglycerides upon admission, while MCP-1 levels at 24 h and 72 h after primary PCI had no such positive correlation with admission blood glucose and triglycerides; this may be partially due to the drastic change in MCP-1 concentration after reperfusion [17], as Tadashi Kakio et.al reported in their research.
Additionally, in our present research, the hs-cTnI concentration at each time point and the peak hs-cTnI level, which were associated with infarction size [18, 19], both decreased significantly in the low admission MCP-1 group. Similar to our finding, Takanori Hayaski et.al showed that genetic knockout of C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR-2), which binds solely with MCP-1 in mice, leads to a marked decrease in infarct size compared to wild-type mice after reperfusion [20]. Furthermore, there is evidence indicating that the neutralization of MCP-1 with anti-MCP-1 reduced the infarct size markedly in mice [10, 11]. In addition, there is also previous research suggesting that peak MCP-1 levels increase significantly in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by severe left ventricular dysfunction compared to other patients with AMI [16]. In vivo and in vitro experiments with the genetic knockout of both MCP-1 and anti-MCP-1 retarded the progression of left ventricular dilation and dysfunction [10, 11]. Our present research further illustrates that early changes in LVEF from baseline to 3 months post-STEMI improved significantly in the low admission MCP-1 group compared to that in the high admission group. Therefore, the evidence above all indicates that MCP-1 may promote myocardial I/R injury and post-infarction remodelling.
The suppression of proinflammatory cytokines synthesis, reduction of macrophage activation and decreased myofibroblast infiltration may account, at least in part, for reducing myocardial I/R injury and retarding left ventricular remodelling in the low admission MCP-1 group [10]. In addition, low MCP-1 levels upon admission may suppress myocardial I/R injury and subsequent negative remodelling through the suppression of macrophage-associated oxidative stress, as Takanori Hayasaki et.al reported [20]. There is evidence indicating that low MCP-1 levels upon admission may suppress I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis [11], which also contributes to myocardial I/R injury, and the progression of negative remodelling. Similar to myocardial apoptosis, autophagy also accounts, at least in part, for I/R injury [21]. Whether MCP-1 has effects on autophagy calls for future studies. In addition, recent research indicated that an imbalance between proinflammatory adipocytokines and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines also contributes to myocardial I/R injury [22,23,24,25]. Therefore, it is necessary for future studies to further investigate the influence of MCP-1 on the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines.
The present research has several limitations. First, this is a cross-sectional study with a relatively small sample size that fails to elucidate the causal relationship between MCP-1 levels upon admission and I/R injury. Second, the patients included in this research all meeting the relatively strict inclusion or exclusion criteria to decrease the heterogeneity of the participants, which maybe account for the finding that patients included in our present research were relatively young compared to other STEMI studies and make the results from this research unsuitable for the general population. Third, we did not apply cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or single-photon emission computed tomography imaging to assess LVEF. Finally, the serum receptor CCR-2 that binds solely to MCP-1 was not measured.
Conclusion
In the present research, we demonstrated for the first time that MCP-1 upon admission had a positive association with hs-cTnI at different time points and peak hs-cTnI and had inverse correlation with early improvements in myocardial function in patients with first STEMI. Therefore, the suppression of MCP-1 synthesis via various mays such as genetic knockout of MCP-1 and neutralization of MCP-1 with anti-MCP-1 may be an effective therapy for I/R injury and negative remodelling post-infarction in the future. While we know little about MCP-1 in patients with STEMI at present, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms through which MCP-1 exerts physiological effects in the setting of STEMI.
Abbreviations
- AMI:
-
Acute myocardial infarction
- ARB or ACEI:
-
Angiotensin receptor blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CAD:
-
Coronary artery disease
- CCR-2:
-
C-C chemokine receptor-2
- DES:
-
Drug-eluting stent
- hs-cTnI:
-
Hypersensitive cardiac troponin I
- I/R:
-
Ischaemia and reperfusion
- LAD:
-
Left anterior descending coronary artery
- LVEF:
-
Left ventricular ejection fraction
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- PCI:
-
Percutaneous coronary intervention
- STEMI:
-
ST-segmental elevation myocardial infarction
- TIMI:
-
Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
References
Libby P, Loscalzo J, Ridker PM, Farkouh ME, Hsue PY, Fuster V, Hasan AA, Amar S. Inflammation, immunity, and infection in Atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(17):2071–81.
Pant S, Deshmukh A, GuruMurthy GS, Pothineni NV, Watts TE, Romeo F, Mehta JL. Inflammation and atherosclerosis—revisited. J CARDIOVASC PHARM T. 2013;19(2):170–8.
Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Entman ML. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53(1):31–47.
Rohrbach S, Troidl C, Hamm C, Schulz R. Ischemia and reperfusion related myocardial inflammation: a network of cells and mediators targeting the cardiomyocyte. IUBMB Life. 2015;67(2):110–9.
Yadav A, Saini V, Arora S. MCP-1: chemoattractant with a role beyond immunity: a review. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411(21–22):1570–9.
de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Sabatine MS, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, Antman EM, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Association between plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. CIRCULATION. 2003;107(5):690–5.
Parissis JT, Venetsanou KF, Kalantzi MV, Mentzikof DD, Karas SM. Serum profiles of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and CC chemokines in hypertensive patients with or without significant hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(6):777–9.
Yousefzadeh MJ, Schafer MJ, Noren Hooten N, Atkinson EJ, Evans MK, Baker DJ, Quarles EK, Robbins PD, Ladiges WC, LeBrasseur NK, et al. Circulating levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as a potential measure of biological age in mice and frailty in humans. Aging Cell. 2018;17(2):e12706.
Bianconi V, Sahebkar A, Atkin SL, Pirro M. The regulation and importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Curr Opin Hematol. 2018;25(1):44–51.
Dewald O, Zymek P, Winkelmann K, Koerting A, Ren G, Abou-Khamis T, Michael LH, Rollins BJ, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 regulates inflammatory responses critical to healing myocardial infarcts. Circ Res. 2005;96(8):881–9.
Al-Amran FG, Manson MZ, Hanley TK, Hainz DL. Blockade of the monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 receptor pathway ameliorates myocardial injury in animal models of ischemia and reperfusion. PHARMACOLOGY. 2014;93(5–6):296–302.
Nelken NA, Coughlin SR, Gordon D, Wilcox JN. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest. 1991;88(4):1121–7.
Gosling J, Slaymaker S, Gu L, Tseng S, Zlot CH, Young SG, Rollins BJ, Charo IF. MCP-1 deficiency reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice that overexpress human apolipoprotein B. J Clin Invest. 1999;103(6):773–8.
Kristjana B, Gudny E, Thor A, Vilmundur G. Examination of genetic effects of polymorphisms in the MCP-1 and CCR2 genes on MI in the Icelandic population. ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 2006;188(2):341–6.
Bot I, Zacarías NVO, Witte WEAD, Vries HD, Santbrink PJV, Velden DVD, Kröner MJ, Berg DJVD, Stamos D, Lange ECMD. A novel CCR2 antagonist inhibits atherogenesis in apoE deficient mice by achieving high receptor occupancy. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):52.
Parissis JT, Adamopoulos S, Venetsanou KF, Mentzikof DG, Karas SM, Kremastinos DT. Serum profiles of C-C chemokines in acute myocardial infarction: possible implication in postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002;22(2):223–9.
Kakio T, Matsumori A, Ono K, Ito H, Matsushima K, Sasayama S. Roles and relationship of macrophages and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 in the ischemic and Reperfused rat heart. Lab Investig. 2000;80(7):1127–36.
Chia S, Senatore F, Raffel OC, Lee H, Wackers FJT, Jang I. Utility of cardiac biomarkers in predicting infarct size, left ventricular function, and clinical outcome after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2008;1(4):415–23.
Di CA, Dall'Armellina E, Badano LP, Meduri S, Pezzutto N, Fioretti PM. Predictive value of cardiac troponin-I compared to creatine kinase-myocardial band for the assessment of infarct size as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance. J CARDIOVASC MED. 2010;11(8):587–92.
Hayasaki T, Kaikita K, Okuma T, Yamamoto E, Kuziel WA, Ogawa H, Takeya M. CC chemokine receptor-2 deficiency attenuates oxidative stress and infarct size caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Circ J. 2006;70(3):342–51.
Ibáñez B, Heusch G, Ovize M, Werf FVD. Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(14):1454–71.
Kadoglou NPE, Tahmatzidis DK, Giannakoulas C, Kapelouzou A, Gkontopoulos A, Parissis J, Lampropoulos S, Kottas G. Serum levels of novel adipokines, omentin-1 and chemerin, in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J CARDIOVASC MED. 2015;16(5):341–6.
Alkuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI. New insights into the role of metformin effects on serum Omentin-1 levels in acute myocardial infarction: cross-sectional study. Emerg Med Int. 2015;2015:1–8.
Antoniades C. "dysfunctional" adipose tissue in cardiovascular disease: a reprogrammable target or an innocent bystander? Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113(9).
Vilahur G, Ben-Aicha S, Badimon L. New insights into the role of adipose tissue in thrombosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113(9).
Acknowledgements
We convey thanks the doctors Guojie Chen for his help in collecting blood sample.
Funding
This research was supported by a grant from the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z171100000417042), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0908800) and the “Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals” Ascent Plan (DFL20150601). The funding body had no influence on design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data and in writing of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YZ and CPH interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. YXZ designed the study protocol and supervised the project. JXL measured serum MCP-1 levels using ELISA kits. JWZ and DY enrolled the participants. HYH managed the participants. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Before initiation of the present study, we obtained approval from the ethics committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Da Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University. In addition, we also obtained informed written consent from the recruited patients.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, Y., Hu, C., Du, Y. et al. Significant association between admission serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and early changes in myocardial function in patients with first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 19, 107 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1098-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1098-z