Kapoor WN. Syncope. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(25):1856–62. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200012213432507.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman KG, Alexander ME. Chest pain and syncope in children: a practical approach to the diagnosis of cardiac disease. J Pediatr. 2013;163(3):896–901 e1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.001.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lewis DA, Dhala A. Syncope in the pediatric patient. The cardiologist's perspective. Pediatr Clin N Am. 1999;46(2):205–19.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Massin MM, Bourguignont A, Coremans C, Comte L, Lepage P, Gerard P. Syncope in pediatric patients presenting to an emergency department. J Pediatr. 2004;145(2):223–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.01.048.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pratt JL, Fleisher GR. Syncope in children and adolescents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989;5(2):80–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Romme JJ, van Dijk N, Boer KR, Dekker LR, Stam J, Reitsma JB, et al. Influence of age and gender on the occurrence and presentation of reflex syncope. Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2008;18(3):127–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-008-0465-0.
Article
Google Scholar
Moak JP, Bailey JJ, Makhlouf FT. Simultaneous heart rate and blood pressure variability analysis. Insight into mechanisms underlying neurally mediated cardiac syncope in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(8):1466–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu JE, Hahn RT, Stein KM, Markowitz SM, Okin PM, Devereux RB, et al. Left ventricular geometry and function preceding Neurally mediated Syncope. Circulation. 2000;101(7):777–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.7.777.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Folino AF, Russo G, Buja G, Iliceto S. Contribution of decreased atrial function in the pathogenesis of neurally mediated syncope. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(7):1017–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.041.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Folino AF, Russo G, Porta A, Buja G, Cerutti S, Iliceto S. Autonomic modulation and cardiac contractility in vasovagal syncope. Int J Cardiol. 2010;139(3):248–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.030.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leischik R, Dworrak B, Hensel K. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility for radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain echocardiography. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2014;8:102–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401408010102.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marcucci C, Lauer R, Mahajan A. New echocardiographic techniques for evaluating left ventricular myocardial function. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12(4):228–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089253208328581.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hensel KO, Jenke A, Leischik R. Speckle-tracking and tissue-Doppler stress echocardiography in arterial hypertension: a sensitive tool for detection of subclinical LV impairment. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:472562. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/472562.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hensel KO, Abellan Schneyder FE, Wilke L, Heusch A, Wirth S, Jenke AC. Speckle tracking stress echocardiography uncovers early subclinical cardiac involvement in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2966. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03255-1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hensel KO, Grimmer F, Roskopf M, Jenke AC, Wirth S, Heusch A. Subclinical alterations of cardiac mechanics present early in the course of pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective blinded speckle tracking stress echocardiography study. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:2583747. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2583747.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hensel KO, Grimmer F, Jenke AC, Wirth S, Heusch A. The influence of real-time blood glucose levels on left ventricular myocardial strain and strain rate in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus - a speckle tracking echocardiography study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15(1):175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-015-0171-5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goel R, Caracciolo G, Wilansky S, Scott LR, Narula J, Sengupta PP. Effect of head-up tilt-table testing on left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(8):1252–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.06.020.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schlangen J, Petko C, Hansen JH, Michel M, Hart C, Uebing A, et al. Two-dimensional global longitudinal strain rate is a preload independent index of systemic right ventricular contractility in hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients after Fontan operation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(6):880–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.114.002110.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, Ensing GJ, Kendall K, Younoszai AK, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the pediatric measurements writing Group of the American Society of echocardiography pediatric and congenital heart disease council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(5):465–95; quiz 576-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1–39 e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10(2):165–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jep007.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chubb H, Simpson JM. The use of Z-scores in paediatric cardiology. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2012;5(2):179–84. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2069.99622.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hensel KO, Wilke L, Heusch A. Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2016:e54736 (in press). https://doi.org/10.3791/54736.
Kenny RA, O'Shea D, Parry SW. The Newcastle protocols for head-up tilt table testing in the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus hypersensitivity, and related disorders. Heart. 2000;83(5):564–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shojaeifard M, Esmaeilzadeh M, Maleki M, Bakhshandeh H, Parvaresh F, Naderi N. Normal reference values of tissue Doppler imaging parameters for right ventricular function in young adults: a population based study. Research in cardiovascular medicine. 2013;2(4):160–6. https://doi.org/10.5812/cardiovascmed.9843.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kojo M, Wada M, Akiyoshi K, Inutsuka M, Izumi T. Reduction of carotid artery blood flow in pediatric patients with syncope: evaluation with head-up tilt test. Neuropediatrics. 2001;32(4):169–75. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-17369.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sucu M, Ercan S, Uku O, Davutoglu V, Altunbas G. Atrial electromechanical conduction delay in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014;37(5):597–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.12300.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kozlowski D, Byrdziak P, Krupa W, Gawrysiak M, Piwko G, Kubica J, et al. Left ventricle systolic volume in vasovagal syncope patients. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2003;62(3):175–8.
Google Scholar
Urheim S, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Angelsen B, Smiseth OA. Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography. Validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation. 2000;102(10):1158–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dahle GO, Stangeland L, Moen CA, Salminen PR, Haaverstad R, Matre K, et al. The influence of acute unloading on left ventricular strain and strain rate by speckle tracking echocardiography in a porcine model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310(10):H1330–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00947.2015.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weidemann F, Jamal F, Sutherland GR, Claus P, Kowalski M, Hatle L, et al. Myocardial function defined by strain rate and strain during alterations in inotropic states and heart rate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;283(2):H792–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00025.2002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choi JO, Shin DH, Cho SW, Song YB, Kim JH, Kim YG, et al. Effect of preload on left ventricular longitudinal strain by 2D speckle tracking. Echocardiography. 2008;25(8):873–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00707.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Negishi K, Borowski AG, Popovic ZB, Greenberg NL, Martin DS, Bungo MW, et al. Effect of gravitational gradients on cardiac filling and performance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(20):1180–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2017.08.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alvarez SV, Fortin-Pellerin E, Alhabdan M, Lomelin JS, Kantoch M, Atallah J, et al. Strain rate in children and young piglets mirrors changes in contractility and demonstrates a force-frequency relationship. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(8):797–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2017.04.001.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vallejo M, Hermosillo AG, Infante O, Cardenas M, Lerma C. Cardiac autonomic response to active standing in adults with vasovagal Syncope. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32(5):434–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000204.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moon J, Shim J, Park JH, Hwang HJ, Joung B, Ha JW, et al. Small left atrial volume is an independent predictor for fainting during head-up tilt test: the impact of intracardiac volume reserve in vasovagal syncope. Int J Cardiol. 2013;166(1):44–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.076.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruiz GA, Madoery C, Arnaldo F, Menendez C, Tentori MC. Frequency-domain analysis of heart rate variability during positive and negative head-up tilt test: importance of age. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(3):325–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kochiadakis GE, Papadimitriou EA, Marketou ME, Chrysostomakis SI, Simantirakis EN, Vardas PE. Autonomic nervous system changes in vasovagal syncope: is there any difference between young and older patients? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(10):1371–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2004.00641.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suarez-Penaranda JM, Cordeiro C, Rodriguez-Calvo M, Vieira DN, Munoz-Barus JI. Cardiac inhibitory reflex as a cause/mechanism of death. J Forensic Sci. 2013;58(6):1644–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12212.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alan B, Teke M, Hattapoglu S, Alan S. Importance of arterial distensibility in patients with vasovagal syncope. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(21):4111–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sucu MM, Davutoglu V, Akcay M, Yigiter R, Al B. Aortic elastic properties of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(11):1417–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02485.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alboni P, Alboni M, Bertorelle G. The origin of vasovagal syncope: to protect the heart or to escape predation? Clin Auton Res. 2008;18(4):170–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-008-0479-7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diehl RR. Vasovagal syncope and Darwinian fitness. Clin Auton Res. 2005;15(2):126–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-005-0244-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levi M. Vasovagal fainting as an evolutionary remnant of the fight against hemorrhage. Clin Auton Res. 2005;15(2):69–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-005-0252-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wieling W, Smit AA, de Jong-de Vos van Steenwijk CC, van Lieshout JJ, Karemaker JM. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying vasovagal syncope in young subjects. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20(8 Pt 2):2034–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tran JC, Ruble K, Loeb DM, Chen AR, Thompson WR. Automated functional imaging by 2D speckle tracking echocardiography reveals high incidence of abnormal longitudinal strain in a cohort of pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;63(6):1075–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25938.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shiino K, Yamada A, Ischenko M, Khandheria BK, Hudaverdi M, Speranza V, et al. Intervendor consistency and reproducibility of left ventricular 2D global and regional strain with two different high-end ultrasound systems. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(6):707–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew120.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Badano LP, Cucchini U, Muraru D, Al Nono O, Sarais C, Iliceto S. Use of three-dimensional speckle tracking to assess left ventricular myocardial mechanics: inter-vendor consistency and reproducibility of strain measurements. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(3):285–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jes184.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gayat E, Ahmad H, Weinert L, Lang RM, Mor-Avi V. Reproducibility and inter-vendor variability of left ventricular deformation measurements by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24(8):878–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2011.04.016.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, van de Loo A, Hablawetz E, Bartsch S, Just H. Intra-individual reproducibility of tilt table studies in diagnosis of vasovagal syncope. Z Kardiol. 1993;82(6):352–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nesser HJ, Mor-Avi V, Gorissen W, Weinert L, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Niel J, et al. Quantification of left ventricular volumes using three-dimensional echocardiographic speckle tracking: comparison with MRI. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(13):1565–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp187.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar