Study design
This is an open-label, randomised, controlled trial.
Subjects
A sample of 160 patients will be consecutively included at the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) at Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. The inclusion criteria are a primary care event due to CAD and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), age < 75 years. The exclusion criteria are serious physical or psychological disease interfering with participation in exercise-based CR and an inability to understand the Swedish language. The study process will be presented in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines of a parallel randomised trial, including enrolment, intervention allocation, follow-up and data analysis [16].
Procedure
A pilot study comprising five patients with CAD was completed prior to the study to ensure the quality of the test procedure and to test the behavioural medicine intervention. Based on the results of the pilot study, small modifications to the behavioural medicine intervention protocol were made, including a clarification of the wording in the study protocols.
The physiotherapist at the CCU receives daily information about patients eligible for the study, asks potential patients to participate and obtains informed consent. An appointment with a physiotherapist, responsible for the testing procedure, at the exercise-based CR takes place within 2 to 3 weeks after discharge to perform baseline testing. The test procedure includes measurements, described more specifically below, and takes approximately 1.5 h. The patients are asked to refrain from strenuous exercise 24 h before the test and not to consume caffeine or nicotine for 2 h before the testing session. After finishing the baseline tests, the physiotherapist randomise patients to either routine care or the behavioural medicine intervention, in addition to usual care, using sealed envelopes. Randomisation will be stratified by submaximal aerobic work capacity with a cut-off at 100 watts, based on previous clinical data from a similar exercise-based CR setting (n = 50) and clinical experience from the present exercise-based CR setting. Patients randomised to usual care follow routine exercise-based CR care, as described below. Patients in the intervention group receive the behavioural medicine intervention, in addition to usual care. No co-intervention bias is identified. Adverse events will be reported according to the study protocol. No post-trial care will be provided. Due to organizational circumstances, the physiotherapists performing the tests are not blinded to group allocation.
Intervention
Usual care
Usual care in exercise-based CR is based on international guidelines [4, 5]. The exercise programme is individually prescribed, based on the results of tests of physical capacity. The exercise programme consists of hospital-based aerobic exercise twice a week with a duration of 20–60 min and an intensity of 40-80% of Vo2max, depending on each patient’s physical fitness. The aerobic exercise is complemented with resistance exercise; 8-10 different upper and lower body exercises, 1-3 sets of 10-15 repetitions. In addition, patients are instructed to perform one home-based aerobic exercise session. Some patients choose to perform their entire exercise-based CR in a home-based setting. Patients register their home-based exercise sessions in an exercise diary, which is not followed up by the physiotherapist during the exercise-based CR period. No other structured interventions to increase or control exercise adherence are included in usual care.
Behavioural medicine intervention
In addition to exercise-based CR according to usual care, patients in the intervention group receive a behavioural medicine intervention aimed at increasing adherence to the prescribed exercise programme. The behavioural change techniques used in the current study, i.e. specific goal setting, re-evaluation of the goals, self-monitoring and feedback, are based on control theory (CT) [17]. CT provides a model of self-regulation that is useful in the analysis of human behaviour. This model describes the process of self-regulation as involving the self-imposition of behavioural standards, observation of one’s own actions and evaluation of the actions by comparing them with the standards [17]. CT is part of the Social Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation [18], which also highlights the importance of self-efficacy in order to change a behaviour [19]. Self-monitoring and goal-setting are central behavioural change techniques supported by the Social Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation and are important factors in the process of self-regulation. Self-monitoring provides the information needed to set realistic goals and evaluate progress towards these goals [19].
Specific goal-setting and re-evaluation of goals
The behavioural medicine intervention starts with an appointment with a physiotherapist for detailed planning and goal-setting for the exercise-based CR. The exercise goal is set following agreement between the patient and the physiotherapist, based on activities the patient believes are achievable. Potential facilitators and barriers in relation to achieving the exercise goals are identified and discussed and an action plan with strategies is drawn up together with the patient. Specific goal-setting according to CT involves the detailed planning of what the person wants to do, including a definition of the behaviour by specifying what to do, including exercise frequency, intensity, duration and specification of the context in which the exercise is done [20]. The patient’s motivation and self-efficacy for initiating and maintaining a physical activity-related behavioural change is self-rated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and is discussed in relation to goal-setting. The exercise goal is re-evaluated during the intervention period. It has been found that reviewing and/or reconsidering previously set goals during the change process is important according to CT [20]. Previous studies [13, 15, 21] have pointed out that the physiotherapist can play an important role when it comes to providing feedback on potential barriers to exercise, as well as the reformulation of goals [13, 15, 21].
Self-monitoring and feedback
In the current study, the patients are requested to self-monitor their defined exercise goal by completing an exercise diary. This exercise diary includes a specification of the performed exercise dose (frequency, intensity and duration) and it is followed up by a physiotherapist every 3 weeks by a phone call or a personal meeting. The aim of the feedback is to monitor the patient’s progress at each contact, provide positive feedback on achieved goals, give supporting feedback on potential barriers to exercise and discuss strategies to increase adherence. In addition, visual feedback on physical activity level is reported by accelerometry at 9 weeks (after having performed half the exercise-based CR programme). Accelerometry has been shown to be reliable and valid for measuring physical activity and sedentary time and providing detailed information on intensity, frequency and duration, without reporting errors associated with self-reports [22]. Researchers have determined accelerometer cut-points in calibration studies, which make it possible to classify the measured physical activity into the different intensity levels of light, moderate and high [23]. Even though the accelerometer cut-points are not calibrated for each individual, the graphically presented feedback has been shown in previous studies to increase adherence, by helping the patient to visualise the performed physical activity in comparison with the achievable goals [24]. This makes it easier for the person to see the need for improvement.
At the end of the intervention (16 weeks), the patient is offered a follow-up meeting with the physiotherapist. This meeting will offer the patient an opportunity to express his/her perceptions of the intervention and how the goal-setting was achieved. Moreover, a long-term exercise goal is set and potential future barriers, facilitators and strategies can be brought up and discussed in order to facilitate future adherence to exercise.
To summarise, the behavioural medicine intervention contains one initial meeting (baseline), three structured telephone/personal follow-ups (3, 6 and 12 weeks), one personal meeting for visual feedback with an accelerometer after 2 months (9 weeks) and one meeting at the end of the intervention (16 weeks).
The assigned study intervention will be modified or discontinued if the patient experience worse health status interfering with participating in exercise-based CR or withdrawal of participant consent. Outcome data will be collected for patients who discontinue or deviate from intervention, in accordance with intention to treat design.
Outcomes
Clinical and demographic patient characteristics are taken from medical records and patient interviews. Changes in the following variables will be measured from baseline to the first (16 weeks at end of intervention) and second (12 months after index event) follow-up visits.
Primary outcome
Submaximal aerobic exercise capacity
The primary outcome is changes in Watts (W) on the submaximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer from baseline to the first follow-up visit (16 weeks). Blood pressure and heart rate are registered before the start of the test. The test is performed on a bicycle ergometer according to the WHO protocol [25], with an increased workload of 25 W every 4.5 min [26, 27]. The initial starting load, 25 W or 50 W, is decided, based on the patient’s exertion history. A pedalling rate of 50 rates per minute is used. After 2 and 4 min of each workload; heart rate, rating of perceived exertion according to Borg’s rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) [28] and subjective symptoms, including chest pain and dyspnea according to Borg’s Category Ratio Scale, CR-10, scale are rated. After 3 min, the systolic blood pressure is registered. The exercise test is discontinued at Borg RPE 17 and/or dyspnea 7 on Borg’s CR-10 scale. The submaximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer is a well-established, safe procedure that is frequently used in exercise-based CR in Sweden. The reliability of this test is currently being tested on a Swedish population with CAD.
Secondary outcomes
Muscle endurance
Muscle endurance is evaluated by two clinical endurance tests that are included in usual exercise-based CR in Sweden. They have been found to be reliable for patients with chronic heart failure [29].
Unilateral isotonic shoulder flexion: the patient sits comfortably on a chair, with his/her back touching the wall, holding a dumbbell (2 kg for women and 3 kg for men) in an optional hand. The patient is asked to lift his/her shoulder from 0° to 90° flexion as many times as possible, using a pace of 20 contractions per minute kept by a metronome. The number of elevations is registered.
Unilateral isotonic heel lift: the patient performs a maximum heel lift on a 10° tilted wedge, one lift every other second, with the pace kept by a metronome. The patient chooses which leg to perform the test, the contralateral foot is held slightly above the floor and, for balance, the wall is touched with the fingertips. The number of maximum heel lifts is counted.
Level of physical activity
Physical activity is measured over seven consecutive days with the ActiGraph GT3X-BT triaccelerometer (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) with normal filter settings [30]. The device firmware transforms these impulses and summarises them over discrete epochs into counts per time interval [31]. The GT3X-BT is 3 cm × 3 cm × 2 cm and weighs several grams. Measurement data conversion is performed with ActiLife 6.8.0 (ActiGraph, Penascola, FL). ActiGraph accelerometers are widely used in research because they have shown high validity and reliability [32,33,34].
Self-reported physical activity is measured with a diary according to Bouchard for three consecutive days. The level of physical activity is rated from 1 (sleep) to 9 (very high intensity), based on energy consumption [35].
Anxiety and depression
Anxiety and depression are measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [36]. This scale is a 14-item self-report comprising seven anxiety items and seven depression items, from which separate anxiety and depression scores are calculated. The items are scored on a four-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 3 points. The HADS is considered to be reliable and valid for patients with CAD [37, 38].
Health-related quality of life
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is evaluated by the Short-Form-36 (SF-36) [39] and the EQ5D [40]. The SF-36 is a generic, psychometrically sound instrument, comprising 36 items across eight dimensions. The responses to each question within a dimension are combined to generate a score from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health. The SF-36 has been found to be reliable and valid for patients with CAD [41]. The EQ5D is a standardised HRQoL instrument consisting of a descriptive part with five questions/dimensions and a visual analogue scale on which the patient rates state of health on a scale of 0-100, where 0 is the worst state and 100 the best possible state of health. The EQ5D is considered to be reliable and valid for patients with CAD [42].
Patient enablement
Patient enablement is evaluated through the Swedish validated version of the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) [43]. The PEI consists of six questions designed to reflect patient enablement, focusing on understanding and coping with health issues and illness. The answers are graded on a three-point scale ranging from 0 to 2 points. The PEI is considered to be reliable and valid for patients in a primary care setting [43].
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is evaluated through the Swedish validated version of the Self Efficacy Scale for Exercise (SEE) (Cavrak et al., unpublished data). The Swedish version of the SEE includes nine situations that could affect participation in exercise. The patient rates, on a scale from 1 to 10, his/her confidence in performing exercise. The SEE has been found to be reliable and valid for older adults [44].
Biomarkers
Non-fasting venous blood samples will be collected. Complete blood count, HbA1c, creatinine and lipids are analyzed on fresh samples. In addition, plasma is separated by centrifugation and collected in -70C freezer for later analysis of markers of inflammation, platelet function and apoptosis.
Exercise adherence
Exercise adherence is defined as “the extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the agreed (original stated as advised) interval, exercise dose, and exercise dosing regimen” [11]. As the intervention in this study has a patient-centered approach, it is important that the exercise dose is agreed between the patient and the physiotherapist. Exercise adherence will be evaluated using the exercise diary and accelerometer measurements.
See Fig. 1 for an overview of enrolment, interventions, and assessments.
Statistical methods
Data analysis will be performed using SPSS for Windows (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY). Descriptive statistics will be used for demographic data. The normally distributed continuous variables (ratio and interval data) will be presented as the mean ± 1SD. Skewed ratio and interval data, as well as ordinal data, will be presented as the median and 25th-75th percentiles. For nominal data (categorical variables), absolute and relative numbers (%) will be described.
Differences between groups will be tested with Student’s t-test for normally distributed ratios and interval data or the Mann-Whitney U test for skewed data. For comparisons of paired observations within each study group, a paired t-test (normally distributed) or Wilcoxon’s rank sum test (skewed data) will be used. For nominal data, differences within and between the groups will be calculated with a chi-square test. We will perform an-intention-to-treat and a per-protocol analysis. If adequate, missing data will be handled with multiple imputation. In addition, an analysis of predictors of rehabilitation outcomes will be calculated. A p-value of <0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
Sample size calculation
Sample size calculations are based on previous clinical data from a similar exercise-based CR setting (n = 50) for differences in aerobic exercise capacity measured by a submaximal exercise test (Watts) before and after completed exercise-based CR. With a power of 80% and a two-sided significance level of p < 0.0, a least mean difference at 10 W (SD 20 W) and a calculated loss of follow-up of 20%, the estimated total sample size is 160 patients.
Study status
The study started to recruit participants in January 2016. By March 2017, 71 patients had been included. Study inclusion is expected to be completed by 2018 and the completion of the second follow-up period is anticipated in 2019.
