Skip to main content
  • Study protocol
  • Open access
  • Published:

Study of adherence to exercise in heart failure: the HEART camp trial protocol

Abstract

Background

Adherence to the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) 2010 guidelines recommending 30 minutes of supervised moderate intensity exercise five days per week is difficult for patients with heart failure (HF). Innovative programs are needed to assist HF patients to adhere to long-term exercise. The objective of this prospective randomized two-group repeated measures experimental design is to determine the efficacy of a behavioral exercise training intervention on long-term adherence to exercise at 18 months in patients with heart failure.

Methods/Design

A sample size of 246 subjects with heart failure will be recruited over a 3 year period. All subjects receive a cardiopulmonary exercise test and 9 supervised exercise training sessions during a 3 week run-in period prior to randomization. Subjects completing at least 6 of 9 training sessions are randomized to the HEART Camp Intervention group (HC) or to a standard care (SC) exercise group. The HC intervention group receives cognitive-behavioral strategies that address the intervention components of knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, behavioral self-management skills and social support. The SC group is provided access to the exercise facility and regular facility staff for the 18 month study period. The primary aim is to evaluate the effect of HEART Camp on adherence to exercise, with our central hypothesis that the HC group will have significantly better adherence to exercise at 18 months. Secondary aims include evaluating which components of the HEART Camp intervention mediate the effects of the intervention on adherence; evaluating the effect of HEART Camp on specific health outcomes; exploring selected demographic variables (race, gender, age) as potential moderators of the effect of the HEART Camp intervention on adherence; and exploring the perceptions and experiences that contextualize exercise adherence.

Discussion

The HEART Camp intervention is the first to test a multi-component intervention designed to improve long-term adherence to exercise behavior in patients with HF. Improving long-term adherence to exercise is the logical first step to ensure the required dose of exercise that is necessary to realize beneficial health outcomes and reduce costs in this burdensome chronic illness.

Trial registration

Clincaltrials.gov NCT01658670.

Background

The guidelines from Heart Failure Society of America [1] recommend 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise in a supervised setting five days per week, but this is difficult for patients with heart failure (HF). Studies indicate that between 40% and 91% of patients with heart failure do not engage in any regular exercise [25]. A majority (61%) of patients with heart failure report that adherence to an exercise regimen is more difficult than any of the other required behavioral changes for heart failure including diet modification, medication adherence, smoking cessation, or keeping appointments [6, 7]. Patients identify lack of motivation [5, 6, 8, 9], lack of energy [5, 6, 8], and the presence of physical symptoms as the primary reasons for non-adherence to exercise [5, 6, 810]. Patients report reluctance to initiate exercise due to a lack of skills for exercise [11] and a fear of increasing physical activity with a “bad heart” [12, 13]. Despite this identified need, specific programs to teach heart failure patients how to exercise and adhere to exercise behavior over time do not exist [11]. Complicating this further has been the lack of reimbursement for patients to participate in supervised programs where they might learn how to exercise and maintain the behavior over time. Even with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) now covering cardiac rehabilitation for beneficiaries with heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction, statistics show that patients do not continue with adherence to exercise once the rehabilitation is completed [14, 15]. Clearly, innovative programs are needed to assist heart failure patients to gain the knowledge, skills and motivation for long-term adherence to exercise behavior.

While dozens of single-site trials have described the effects of exercise on pathophysiology and exercise intolerance in heart failure, few if any of these trials report or critically examine adherence data. Often these studies just report results for those patients who completed the requisite amount of exercise versus all patients enrolled in the trial. Studies that focus on adherence to exercise are lacking and as a result, we know very little about what it takes to adhere to exercise when living with chronic heart failure. Adherence to exercise in heart failure is problematic as the six-month dropout rates from exercise studies are as high as 40% [16]. Prior to the 2010 guideline recommending five sessions per week, most exercise training studies aimed to achieve three sessions per week; even with this more modest goal, patients on average completed only 1.7 sessions weekly at the end of 12 months [17]. The only study to examine adherence to exercise beyond 12 months in patients with heart failure is the multi-center HF-Action trial (Heart Failure – A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) that reported adherence as low as 34% at the end of 24 months. Current evidence suggests that exercise has a dose–response effect in heart failure [18] and that when patients do not adhere to exercise; the realized benefits in peak VO2 and quality of life are significantly less [19, 20] and not maintained [20, 21]. Thus, there is a critical need for a paradigm shift to focus on adherence to exercise in this chronically ill heart failure population. This study uses behavioral strategies previously tested in other populations and in the preliminary work of these investigators to improve adherence to exercise (quantitatively) and to understand the process of adherence to exercise (qualitatively) in patients with heart failure.

This paper presents the study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial that is currently in progress. The Heart failure Exercise And Resistance Training Camp (HEART Camp - HC) intervention group is compared to a SC exercise group. The central hypothesis is that the HC group will have significantly better adherence to exercise at 18 months than the SC group. Those in the HC group receive a multicomponent behavioral intervention to assist them in adhering to exercise. The intervention components of knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, behavioral self-management skills and social support are measured and will be tested as possible mediators of the effect of the intervention on adherence. The intervention is being carried out in two sites in the United States (i.e., Detroit, MI with a predominately African-American population and Lincoln, NE with a primarily Caucasian population of patients). Race, gender and age will be explored as potential moderators of the effect of the HEART Camp intervention on adherence. Finally a qualitative component will explore the perceptions and experiences that contextualize exercise adherence.

Methods/Design

Ethics approval

This study was approved by Institutional Review Boards at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha and at Wayne State University and Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. Written informed consent is obtained per protocol from all participants prior to enrollment in the study.

Study aims

Aim 1. To evaluate the effect of HEART Camp on adherence to exercise. We measure adherence using self-reported exercise validated by objective heart rate monitor data. Our working hypothesis is that subjects in the HC intervention group will have better adherence to exercise than the SC group over time (6, 12 and 18 months) with a maximum difference expected at 18 months.

Aim 2. To evaluate which components of the HEART Camp intervention mediate the effects of the intervention on adherence. Our working hypothesis is that participation in the HC intervention will improve the targeted components (greater knowledge, better attitudes, greater self-efficacy for exercise, more use of self-management skills, and higher perceived social support) resulting in increased adherence to exercise over time (6, 12 and 18 months).

Aim 3. To evaluate the effect of HEART CAMP on specific health outcomes. We measure physical function using the 6 minute walk test; psychological function using the PROMIS - 29 Profile v.1; symptoms using the Dyspnea Fatigue Index; and quality of life using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. Our working hypothesis is that subjects in the HC group compared to the SC will have higher levels of physical function, psychological function and quality of life and lower levels of symptoms over time (6, 12 and 18 months).

Aim 4. To explore selected demographic variables (race, gender, age) as potential moderators of the effect of the HEART Camp intervention on adherence.

Aim 5. To explore the perceptions and experiences that contextualize exercise adherence. Thirty minute open-ended interviews will be used to explore perceived barriers, challenges, reinforcers/support mechanisms among study participants, individual coaches, and group session leaders during the adoption, transition, and maintenance phases of the HC intervention.

Research design

This study uses a prospective randomized two-group repeated measures experimental design with four data collection points (baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months). This study also uses qualitative methods within the randomized control trial design to assess the context for exercise adherence in the intervention group [2224]. Both the HC group and the SC group receive paid access (free membership) to an exercise facility over the 18 month study period and both groups receive usual care for heart failure from the participating institutions.

Sample size

The required sample size for the study was estimated to compare groups on the primary endpoint of adherence at 18 months. In the calculations, the level of adherence in the control group was set at 0.25, the level of crossover seen in HF-Action during the first year. Reported adherence in the HF-Action exercise group was 0.38 at 12 months and 0.36 at 18 months. Having only two sites in the current study should allow greater control over study implementation, which should increase adherence. We expect to achieve adherence of at least 0.50 in the HC intervention group based on an adherence level of 86% in our R15 trial during the three months after the active intervention phase of that trial. A one-tailed z-test of the difference in proportions of this magnitude would have power of 0.90 (α = 0.05) with a total sample size of 126 participants.

Subjects

We will recruit 246 patients (123 participants from each study site). Assuming that 10% might not meet the medical criteria for safe participation in the study and that 30% will fail to attend at least 6 of the 9 planned sessions during the run-in period, 148 subjects will be randomized. Using HF-Action’s 12-month dropout rate of 32% as a guide, an additional 15% attrition is assumed over the 18 months of the study, resulting in the final desired sample size of 63 per group (total N = 126) at 18 months.

Recruitment and enrollment

Two sites were chosen for their ability to recruit and enroll participants from a diverse geographic area: BryanLGH Heart Institute in Lincoln, NE and The Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, MI. The Lincoln site is a cardiology practice with 15 cardiologists. This site was used in our previous work and allowed us to successfully recruit participants in a pilot R15 study. Of the 42 participants included in that study, only one person was African American. The Henry Ford Health System with 82% African-American patients, was chosen for the second site specifically because of its access to underserved and ethnic minorities and its previous experience enrolling patients with HF in exercise trials. Combined, the two enrollment sites served 3,563 patients with HF in 2010 when this study was conceptualized.

Participants

Eligibility according to inclusion and exclusion criteria is summarized in Table 1. Cardiology providers and a co-investigator with ethical access at each study site identify potential subjects and screen for eligibility.

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the HEART camp study

Baseline exercise testing and training

Per the 2010 HFSA guideline recommendation, all participants receive a cardiopulmonary stress test prior to exercise [1]. Once participants have consented to participate in the study, trained staff at the respective sites conduct the cardiopulmonary stress test (CPX). The 2010 HFSA guidelines recommend moderate intensity exercise training in a supervised setting therefore both groups receive 9 exercise training sessions during a 3 week run-in period and continue to exercise after randomization in the supervised setting of a health care exercise facility. Nine exercise training sessions prior to randomization provides training in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (40%-80% Heart Rate Reserve; HRR) and provides the supervision we feel is necessary to assure the safety of all participants for exercise [5, 2528]. If a participant is deemed unsafe/unable to exercise at the completion of the run-in period, he or she is not randomized to participate in the study. In addition to assuring safety, the decision to only randomize individuals who attend at least 6 of the 9 sessions (minimum of 2 sessions for each of the 3 weeks of run-in) was made to provide an adequate intent-to-treat analysis when examining adherence. We recognize this may limit generalizability, but we feel it is an important first step to ensure safety when investigating adherence to exercise in individuals who have an initial desire to exercise and an informed understanding of exercise expectations.

Intervention

Conceptual framework/background

The HC intervention is based on cognitive-behavioral strategies that were effective in our pilot work and are supported in the literature. Effective strategies that have been used to change physical activity behavior in the general population include goal setting [2934], self-monitoring [31, 32, 3438], frequent and prolonged contact [31, 34, 3941], feedback and reinforcement [29, 30, 34, 41, 42], self-efficacy enhancement [30, 31, 3335, 38, 42, 43], modeling [31, 44], problem solving and relapse prevention [29, 32, 37, 45, 46]. We use a multi-component approach of group-based and individual-based intervention delivery, reported to be successful in changing physical activity behavior [34]. The intervention includes fitness testing, exercise prescriptions, supervised exercise, goal setting, monitoring and relapse prevention, all of which have been shown effective in increasing physical activity in a recent meta-analysis of interventions to increase physical activity in healthy adults [47]. Interestingly, this meta-analysis showed that studies based solely on social-cognitive or transtheoretical theory had smaller effect sizes, while behavioral interventions had larger effect sizes [47]. It is our belief that social-cognitive aspects of knowledge and self-efficacy may be more important for the patient with HF than for healthy adults because HF patients report lack of knowledge, skills and confidence needed for exercise [1113]. The model of future-oriented motivation and self-regulation proposed by Miller and Brickman [48] has also contributed to the conceptualization of this study. The Miller and Brickman model synthesizes aspects of Bandura’s social-cognitive theory (focused on short-term or proximal goals) and adds theory to achieve future goals and long-term behavior change. Addressing future or long-term goals is consistent with the mission of the NIH Health Maintenance Consortium (HMC) which studies long-term behavior change [49]. The HMC emphasizes a need to understand the surrounding context that can either facilitate or impede the behavior change process and to focus on the mechanisms of change that include: knowledge, self-efficacy, behavioral skill-building and social reinforcement [49, 50]. Because the positive effects from behavior change interventions tend to diminish over time without continued support, the mechanisms of change in the HC intervention are continued throughout the 18 month study period [50].

Intervention components

Multi-component group-based and individual-based intervention delivery are included as they have been the most successful approaches in changing physical activity behavior [34]. Specific quantitative measures for each of the components of the HC intervention (i.e., knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, behavioral self-management skills and social support) are included in order to evaluate which components mediate the effects of the intervention on adherence (see Table 2). Furthermore, we are collecting qualitative data from subjects, coaches and group session leaders to better understand the adherence process over time in this patient population. We measure adherence to exercise using self-reported exercise diaries that are validated by heart rate monitor data [51].

Table 2 Intervention components, strategies and delivery

Intervention phases

The 2009 meta-analysis of interventions aimed to increase physical activity among patients with cardiovascular disease showed large effect sizes in studies that had: (1) a focus on physical activity behavior exclusively, (2) more contact between subjects and interventionists, (3) supervised exercise sessions, (4) fitness testing, (5) face-to-face encounters versus other methods of intervention delivery, and (6) a recommendation for more minutes of activity per week [52]. Findings from these studies and our previous research have guided both the timing and approach for the HC Intervention. We use three phases that gradually decrease the face-to-face interaction with research staff to prepare the participant for self-management of exercise during the last 6 months of the study.

Phase 1 – adoption (Baseline-6 months)

The adoption phase emphasizes all components of the intervention: knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, self-management skills and social support. Six weekly one-hour group education sessions address creative and fun topics for the patient to learn about exercising with HF in a relaxed and supportive environment. A registered nurse leads the sessions as outlined in Table 2. Sessions occur on a repeating 6-week schedule to allow participants to attend a specific session more than once if they desire. Participants may invite a friend or family member to attend sessions with them. Weekly face-to-face interactions with the coach at the facility focus on attitudes, self-efficacy and behavioral self-management skills, providing participants with continuous social support for exercise. During these meetings, the coach reviews participants’ exercise diaries, facilitates practice of self-management skills (e.g., goal-setting, feedback, problem-solving and discussion of barriers to exercise), addresses the diversity of values and beliefs, and helps adapt the intervention to the culture and life context of participants.

Phase 2 – transition (Months 7–12)

Participants are expected to interact with the coach at the facility once a week. If a subject relapses and does not follow through with this weekly meeting, the coach contacts the subject by phone to schedule a face-to-face meeting. Group sessions are available weekly if participants wish to repeat sessions or interact in the group.

Phase 3 – maintenance (Months 13–18)

During the last 6 months, participants are expected to be self-managing exercise and maintaining adherence to 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each week. Exercise diaries are submitted weekly, and the coach calls a subject to schedule a face-to-face interaction if relapse occurs during this phase. See Figure 1 for a depiction of the Study Model.

Figure 1
figure 1

Study model.

Standard care

Given that the HFSA recommends 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per week, it would be unethical to ask the control group to abstain from exercise. The SC group is provided access (free membership) to the exercise facility and regular facility staff during the 18 month study period. This membership was provided in order to control for access as a potential confound to adherence since this is noted as a common barrier to exercise adherence [53, 54]. During all three phases of the study, participants in both groups are expected to record all moderate intensity exercise on a weekly diary and wear the heart rate monitor during this exercise. The investigators recognize that the HC intervention group will receive more attention than the SC group; however, more contact between participants and interventionists and face-to-face encounters versus other methods of intervention delivery have been documented to produce larger effects and thus are being evaluated as part of the intervention [47, 52]. Both the HC intervention group and the SC group receive usual care for heart failure from the participating institutions. Subjects from both groups are instructed not to participate in group exercise classes or education offerings by the exercise facility.

Procedures for intervention fidelity

Procedures to evaluate intervention fidelity are incorporated into the design of the study. The intervention fidelity plan addresses the training of those interacting with the participants, the delivery of the intervention, and the receipt and enactment of the intervention for the participants. Training sessions focused on consistency between sites and personnel. Standardized training manuals and scripts were used for training sessions of study personnel prior to the enrollment of participants. Booster training sessions occur every 6 months for data collectors and group session leaders and every 8–12 weeks for exercise coaches during the study. Delivery of the intervention by exercise coaches is scripted and actual delivery of the intervention components and length of the session are recorded each week in a database. This database is audited for adherence to the intervention and feedback is given to coaches at their meetings. Coaching sessions are video-recorded every few months to assess adherence to delivery of the intervention according to protocol. Group education session content is standardized with a pre-recorded video presentation followed by group discussion. Group session leaders fill out a self-report each session to document the discussion topics that were covered. Receipt and enactment of the intervention by participants in the HEART Camp group is gauged with exercise diaries, documentation from coaches, qualitative interviews, input and engagement surveys, receipt of intervention tools, and adherence to the exercise.

Study outcomes and data collection

Table 3 describes data collection time points as well as outcome variables and measures specified by research aim. All questionnaire data is collected by interview according to standardized scripts and entered directly into an electronic database (REDCap) by the blinded research assistant [55]. The primary outcome of adherence is obtained through self-reported exercise diaries and validated by heart rate monitor (Polar Electro Inc., Lake Success, NY) data. All subjects are instructed to complete the diary and wear the heart rate monitor for each exercise session. Exercise coaches collect diaries and data from HC intervention participants during weekly coaching sessions and research personnel collect this data for the SC subjects by appointment every two months. Subjects are contacted by phone and diary information is collected by scripted interview if sessions or appointments are missed. Research assistants blinded to group assignment collect data on measures of physical function, psychological function, symptoms and quality of life (6 MWT, PROMIS-29, Dyspnea/Fatigue Scale and KCCQ), as well as measures related to the intervention mechanisms (knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, self-management, and social support) at 6, 12 and 18 months (see Table 2).

Table 3 Outcome measures and data collection time points by research aim

Qualitative data is obtained from all study participants at baseline testing with an open-ended questionnaire exploring perceptions of prior experiences with exercise, expectations related to exercise and outcome expectations from participation in the study (see Table 2). Additional qualitative data is collected from open-ended questions on the exercise diary of what helped with exercise and what made exercise a challenge during the week, as well as a general comment section. The baseline questionnaire and all comments from the diaries are transcribed and used to supplement the thematic analysis of the qualitative interview data. Participants in the HC intervention group complete qualitative interviews at 6, 12 and 18 months, as well as at 3 months to obtain participant perspectives during the adoption phase of exercise. Selected SC subjects (i.e., low adherers or high adherers) complete qualitative interviews at completion of the 18 month study period.

Data analysis

Before proceeding with analysis, a careful descriptive study will be conducted to identify outliers and evaluate distributional assumptions of all variables. Primary analyses will be conducted consistent with the intent-to-treat paradigm, with each participant’s data analyzed according to group assignment. Patterns of missing data will be evaluated, and where assumptions are reasonable, analysis methods that accommodate partial cases such as mixed linear models or generalized estimating equations (GEE) will be used. For analyses requiring complete data, we will impute missing values using the EM algorithm or multiple imputation, as appropriate. To evaluate the central hypothesis, a one-tailed z-test will be used to compare the proportion of patients in each intervention group who are exercising on average ≥80% of the recommended 150 minutes per week at 18 months. A supplemental analysis will compare groups across the entire 18-month study period (testing main and interaction effects) on weekly minutes of activity at moderate or greater intensity and on specific health outcomes. Models of mediation and moderation of the effect of the intervention on adherence will be explored using regression methods.

Discussion

This study will impact the management of HF by investigating the challenging problem of adherence to the HFSA guidelines for exercise in HF. Improving adherence to these evidence-based guidelines is expected to improve HF outcomes and reduce costs in this burdensome chronic illness. Furthermore, gaining a better understanding of what strategies are effective in promoting exercise adherence will help us to better design and implement future exercise trials in HF.

Abbreviations

6 MWT:

6 minute walk test

ACEI:

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

ARB:

Angiotensin receptor blockers

BARSE:

Barriers self-efficacy scale

BMI:

Body mass index

CMS:

Centers for medicare and medicaid services

CPX:

Cardiopulmonary stress test

EF:

Ejection fraction

GEE:

Generalized estimating equations

HC:

HEART camp intervention group

HEART:

Heart failure exercise and resistance training

HF:

Heart failure

HFpEF:

Heart failure preserved ejection fraction

HFrEF:

Heart failure reduced ejection fraction

HFSA:

Heart failure society of America

HMC:

NIH health maintenance consortium

HRR:

Heart rate reserve

KCCQ:

Kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire

MVO2:

Mixed venous oxygen saturation

NHLBI:

National heart, lung, and blood institute: national institute

NIH:

National institutes of health

PI:

Principal investigator

PROMIS-29:

Patient reported outcome measurement information system profile instrument

RN:

Registered nurse

RPE:

Rating of perceived exertion

SC:

Standard care.

References

  1. Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Boehmer JP, Collins SP, Ezekowitz JA, Givertz MM, Katz SD, Klapholz M, Moser DK, Rogers JG, Starling RC, Stevenson WG, Tang WH, Teerlink JR, Walsh MN, Heart Failure Society of America: HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Card Fail. 2010, 16 (6): e1-e194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Evangelista LS, Kagawa-Singer M, Dracup K: Gender differences in health perceptions and meaning in persons living with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2001, 30 (3): 167-176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gary R: Exercise self-efficacy in older women with diastolic heart failure: results of a walking program and education intervention. J Gerontol Nurs. 2006, 32 (7): 31-39. quiz 40–1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. van der Wal MH, van Veldhuisen DJ, Veeger NJ, Rutten FH, Jaarsma T: Compliance with non-pharmacological recommendations and outcome in heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2010, 31 (12): 1486-1493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Piepoli MF, Conraads V, Corra U, Dickstein K, Francis DP, Jaarsma T, McMurray J, Pieske B, Piotrowicz E, Schmid JP, Anker SD, Solal AC, Filippatos GS, Hoes AW, Gielen S, Giannuzzi P, Ponikowski PP: Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. A consensus document of the heart failure association and the European association for cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011, 13 (4): 347-357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Evangelista LS, Berg J, Dracup K: Relationship between psychosocial variables and compliance in patients with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2001, 30 (4): 294-301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nieuwenhuis MM, Jaarsma T, van Veldhuisen DJ, Postmus D, van der Wal MH: Long-term compliance with nonpharmacologic treatment of patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2012, 110 (3): 392-397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Evangelista L, Doering LV, Dracup K, Westlake C, Hamilton M, Fonarow GC: Compliance behaviors of elderly patients with advanced heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2003, 18 (3): 197-206. quiz 207–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Conraads VM, Deaton C, Piotrowicz E, Santaularia N, Tierney S, Piepoli MF, Pieske B, Schmid JP, Dickstein K, Ponikowski PP, Jaarsma T: Adherence of heart failure patients to exercise: barriers and possible solutions: a position statement of the study group on exercise training in heart failure of the heart failure association of the European society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012, 14 (5): 451-458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. van der Wal MH, Jaarsma T, Moser DK, Veeger NJ, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ: Compliance in heart failure patients: the importance of knowledge and beliefs. Eur Heart J. 2006, 27 (4): 434-440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jaarsma T, Abu-Saad HH, Dracup K, Halfens R: Self-care behaviour of patients with heart failure. Scand J Caring Sci. 2000, 14 (2): 112-119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pihl E, Fridlund B, Martensson J: Patients’ experiences of physical limitations in daily life activities when suffering from chronic heart failure; a phenomenographic analysis. Scand J Caring Sci. 2011, 25 (1): 3-11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rodriguez KL, Appelt CJ, Switzer GE, Sonel AF, Arnold RM: “They diagnosed bad heart”: a qualitative exploration of patients’ knowledge about and experiences with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2008, 37 (4): 257-265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Guiraud T, Granger R, Gremeaux V, Bousquet M, Richard L, Soukarié L, Babin T, Labrunée M, Sanguignol F, Bosquet L, Golay A, Pathak A: Telephone support oriented by accelerometric measurements enhances adherence to physical activity recommendations in noncompliant patients after a cardiac rehabilitation program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012, 93 (12): 2141-2147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dolansky MA, Stepanczuk B, Charvat JM, Moore SM: Women’s and men’s exercise adherence after a cardiac event. Does age make a difference?. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2010, 3 (1): 30-38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Hambrecht R, Gielen S, Linke A, Fiehn E, Yu J, Walther C, Schoene N, Schuler G: Effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and peripheral resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2000, 283 (23): 3095-3101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. McKelvie RS, Teo KK, Roberts R, McCartney N, Humen D, Montague T, Hendrican K, Yusuf S: Effects of exercise training in patients with heart failure: the exercise rehabilitation trial (EXERT). Am Heart J. 2002, 144 (1): 23-30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Keteyian SJ, Leifer ES, Houston-Miller N, Kraus WE, Brawner CA, O’Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Cooper LS, Fleg JL, Kitzman DW, Cohen-Solal A, Blumenthal JA, Rendall DS, Pina IL, HF-ACTION Investigators: Relation between volume of exercise and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012, 60 (19): 1899-1905.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Evangelista LS, Hamilton MA, Fonarow GC, Dracup K: Is exercise adherence associated with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure?. Phys Sportsmed. 2010, 38 (1): 28-36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Keteyian SJ: Exercise in the management of patients with chronic heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2010, 7 (1): 35-41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Smart N: Exercise training for heart failure patients with and without systolic dysfunction: an evidence-based analysis of how patients benefit. Cardiol Res Pract. 2010, 2011: 837238-

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Creswell JW, Fetters MD, Plano Clark VL, Morales A: Mixed methods intervention trials. Mixed Methods Research for Nursing and the Health Sciences. Edited by: Andrew S, Halcomb L. 2009, Oxford, UK: Blackwel, 161-180.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL: Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 2011, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2

    Google Scholar 

  24. Song M, Sandelowski M, Happ MB: Current practices and emerging trends in conducting mixed methods intervention studies in the health sciences. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research. Edited by: Tashakkori A, Teddlie C. 2010, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 725-747. 2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. American College of Sports Medicine: ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 2010, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 8

    Google Scholar 

  26. Mandic S, Tymchak W, Kim D, Daub B, Quinney HA, Taylor D, Al-Kurtass S, Haykowsky MJ: Effects of aerobic or aerobic and resistance training on cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle function in heart failure: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2009, 23 (3): 207-216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pozehl B, Duncan K, Hertzog M, Norman JF: Heart failure exercise and training camp: effects of a multicomponent exercise training intervention in patients with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2010, 39 (6 Suppl): S1-S13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Whellan DJ, O’Connor CM, Pina I: Training trials in heart failure: time to exercise restraint?. Am Heart J. 2004, 147 (2): 190-192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Eakin EG, Bull SS, Riley KM, Reeves MM, McLaughlin P, Gutierrez S: Resources for health: a primary-care-based diet and physical activity intervention targeting urban Latinos with multiple chronic conditions. Health Psychol. 2007, 26 (4): 392-400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC: Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (increasing motivation for physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005, 30 (3): 191-200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kumanyika SK, Shults J, Fassbender J, Whitt MC, Brake V, Kallan MJ, Iqbal N, Bowman MA: Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the healthy eating and lifestyle program (HELP) study. Prev Med. 2005, 41 (2): 488-502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferrier S, Blanchard CM, Vallis M, Giacomantonio N: Behavioural interventions to increase the physical activity of cardiac patients: a review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011, 18 (1): 15-32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Williams SL, French DP: What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour–and are they the same?. Health Educ Res. 2011, 26 (2): 308-322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Artinian NT, Fletcher GF, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton P, Van Horn L, Lichtenstein AH, Kumanyika S, Kraus WE, Fleg JL, Redeker NS, Meininger JC, Banks J, Stuart-Shor EM, Fletcher BJ, Miller TD, Hughes S, Braun LT, Kopin LA, Berra K, Hayman LL, Ewing LJ, Ades PA, Durstine JL, Houston-Miller N, Burke LE, American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing: Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010, 122 (4): 406-441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Perry CK, Rosenfeld AG, Bennett JA, Potempa K: Heart-to-heart: promoting walking in rural women through motivational interviewing and group support. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007, 22 (4): 304-312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yancey AK, McCarthy WJ, Harrison GG, Wong WK, Siegel JM, Leslie J: Challenges in improving fitness: results of a community-based, randomized, controlled lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006, 15 (4): 412-429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Carels RA, Darby LA, Cacciapaglia HM, Douglass OM: Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004, 13 (4): 412-426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Maeda U, Shen BJ, Schwarz ER, Farrell KA, Mallon S: Self-efficacy mediates the associations of social support and depression with treatment adherence in heart failure patients. Int J Behav Med. 2013, 20 (1): 88-96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR, Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group: Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003, 289 (16): 2083-2093.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Toobert DJ, Strycker LA, Glasgow RE, Barrera M, Angell K: Effects of the mediterranean lifestyle program on multiple risk behaviors and psychosocial outcomes among women at risk for heart disease. Ann Behav Med. 2005, 29 (2): 128-137.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht A, Parisi A, Bock B, Pinto B, Sciamanna C, Jakicic J, Papandonatos GD: Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: project STRIDE. Health Psychol. 2007, 26 (4): 401-409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Marcus BH, Bock BC, Pinto BM, Forsyth LH, Roberts MB, Traficante RM: Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med. 1998, 20 (3): 174-180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yehle KS, Plake KS: Self-efficacy and educational interventions in heart failure: a review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2010, 25 (3): 175-188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Thorson C, Burton LR: Use of personal trainers and financial incentives to increase exercise in a behavioral weight-loss program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998, 66 (5): 777-783.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Green BB, McAfee T, Hindmarsh M, Madsen L, Caplow M, Buist D: Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients. Am J Prev Med. 2002, 22 (3): 177-183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jacobs AD, Ammerman AS, Ennett ST, Campbell MK, Tawney KW, Aytur SA, Marshall SW, Will JC, Rosamond WD: Effects of a tailored follow-up intervention on health behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004, 13 (5): 557-568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Mehr DR: Interventions to increase physical activity among healthy adults: meta-analysis of outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2011, 101 (4): 751-758.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Miller RB, Brickman SJ: A model of future-oriented motivation and self-regulation. Educ Psychol Rev. 2004, 16 (1): 9-33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Nilsen WJ, Haverkos L, Nebeling L, Taylor MV: Maintenance of long-term behavior change. Am J Health Behav. 2010, 34 (6): 643-646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ory MG, Lee Smith M, Mier N, Wernicke MM: The science of sustaining health behavior change: the health maintenance consortium. Am J Health Behav. 2010, 34 (6): 647-659.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Pozehl B, Duncan K, Norman J, Hertzog M, Walker A: Daily physical activity levels as measured by self-report and accelerometry in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2009, 15 (6, Supplement 1): S99-

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Moore SM, Nielsen PJ, Brown LM: Meta-analysis of interventions to increase physical activity among cardiac subjects. Int J Cardiol. 2009, 133 (3): 307-320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Choitz P, Johnson MP, Berhane Z, Lefever G, Anderson JK, Eiser AR: Urban fitness centers: removing barriers to promote exercise in underserved communities. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010, 21 (1): 221-228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Richter DL, Wilcox S, Greaney ML, Henderson KA, Ainsworth BE: Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity in African American women. Women Health. 2002, 36 (2): 91-109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG: Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009, 42 (2): 377-381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hertzog MA, Nieveen JL, Zimmerman LM, Barnason SA, Schulz PM, Miller CL, Rasmussen DA: Longitudinal comparison of the RT3 and an activity diary with cardiac patients. J Nurs Meas. In press

  57. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): Check your physical activity and heart disease IQ. [NIH Publication No. 96-3795]. 1996, Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (NIH), 3-

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nelson TD, Benson ER, Jensen CD: Negative attitudes toward physical activity: measurement and role in predicting physical activity levels among preadolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010, 35 (1): 89-98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. McAuley E, Mailey EL, Mullen SP, Szabo AN, Wojcicki TR, White SM, Gothe N, Olson EA, Kramer AF: Growth trajectories of exercise self-efficacy in older adults: influence of measures and initial status. Health Psychol. 2011, 30 (1): 75-83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Umstattd MR, Motl R, Wilcox S, Saunders R, Watford M: Measuring physical activity self-regulation strategies in older adults. J Phys Act Health. 2009, 6 (Suppl 1): S105-S112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Revenson TA, Schiaffino KM, Majerovitz SD, Gibofsky A: Social support as a double-edged sword: the relation of positive and problematic support to depression among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Soc Sci Med. 1991, 33 (7): 807-813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cahalin LP, Mathier MA, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, DiSalvo TG: The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Chest. 1996, 110 (2): 325-332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. American Thoracic Society: ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med March. 2002, 166 (1): 111-117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Cella D, Riley W, Stone A, Rothrock N, Reeve B, Yount S, Amtmann D, Bode R, Buysse D, Choi S, Cook K, DeVellis R, DeWalt D, Fries JF, Gershon R, Hahn EA, Lai J, Gershon R, Hahn EA, Lai J, Pilkonis P, Revicki D, Rose M, Weinfurt K, Hays R: Initial adult health item banks and first wave testing of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS™) network: 2005–2008. J Clin Epidemiol Nov. 2010, 63 (11): 1179-1194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Feinstein AR, Fisher MB, Pigeon JG: Changes in dyspnea-fatigue ratings as indicators of quality of life in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1989, 64 (1): 50-55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Green CP, Porter CB, Bresnahan DR, Spertus JA: Development and evaluation of the Kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 35 (5): 1245-1255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Spertus J, Peterson E, Conard MW, Heidenreich PA, Krumholz HM, Jones P, McCullough PA, Pina I, Tooley J, Weintraub WS, Rumsfeld JS, Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Consortium: Monitoring clinical changes in patients with heart failure: a comparison of methods. Am Heart J. 2005, 150 (4): 707-715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01HL112979. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bunny J Pozehl.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors were involved in the design of this study and contributed to the writing of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pozehl, B.J., Duncan, K., Hertzog, M. et al. Study of adherence to exercise in heart failure: the HEART camp trial protocol. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 14, 172 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-172

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-172

Keywords