Fig. 2

Screening of differential metabolites in MINS and non-MINS patients. (A) volcano plot in positive mode; (B) volcano plot in negative mode. The twofold abundance difference threshold is denoted by the vertical dashed lines, while the p = 0.05 threshold is indicated by the horizontal dashed line. Metabolites exhibiting significant changes are depicted in red (up-regulated) or green (down-regulated). (C) stemplot in positive mode; (D) stemplot in negative mode. Stemplots provide a clear depiction of the modification of the top 20 metabolites with substantial differences. The length of the stem in the plot corresponds to the magnitude of the log2 (fold change), while the size of the point represents the value of VIP. Metabolites exhibiting significant alterations are denoted by red dots (indicating upregulation) or blue dots (indicating downregulation). MINS, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery; VIP, variable importance in the projection