Table 1 Weighted baseline characteristics of participants according to HbA1c level
Overall (n = 1799) | Tertile 1 (≤ 5.4%) (n = 659) | Tertile 2 (5.4- 5.8%) (n = 546) | Tertile 3 (> 5.8%) (n = 594) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 56.7 ± 0.3 | 53.4 ± 0.4 | 58.0 ± 0.5 | 61.3 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 933(51.8) | 327(49.9) | 282(52.4) | 324(54.4) | 0.216 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.2 ± 0.2 | 26.7 ± 0.2 | 28.7 ± 0.3 | 30.2 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Mexican American | 220(6.4) | 73(5.2) | 65(6.4) | 82(8.7) | |
Other Hispanic | 167(4.4) | 58(3.9) | 52(4.2) | 57(5.5) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 827(73.0) | 380(80.9) | 252(73.3) | 195(58.3) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 352(9.8) | 86(5.6) | 103(9.7) | 163(17.9) | |
Other Race | 233(6.3) | 62(4.5) | 74(6.4) | 97(9.6) | |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Less than 9th grade | 118(3.4) | 23(2.1) | 40(3.3) | 55(5.9) | |
9-11th grade | 216(9.1) | 70(7.6) | 66(9.2) | 80(11.7) | |
High school graduate or GED | 395(20.8) | 140(18.5) | 114(21.1) | 141(24.7) | |
Some college or AA degree | 543(30.5) | 200(29.0) | 159(30.1) | 184(34.0) | |
College graduate or above | 527(36.1) | 226(42.8) | 167(36.3) | 134(23.7) | |
RIP | 3.29 ± 0.13 | 3.51 ± 0.16 | 3.23 ± 0.1 | 2.96 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
Smoker, n (%) | 967(54.9) | 378(60.4) | 283(50.3) | 306(50.8) | 0.011 |
Alcohol drinker, n (%) | 459(19.2) | 128(13.4) | 134(19.0) | 197(29.9) | < 0.001 |
Metabolic equivalent, MET-h/w | 60.7 ± 2.4 | 59.9 ± 3.8 | 57.6 ± 4.2 | 66.2 ± 4.6 | 0.361 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 805(41.0) | 210(29.8) | 229(40.4) | 366(62.3) | < 0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg | 124.7 ± 0.6 | 121.0 ± 0.8 | 125.6 ± 1.0 | 130.3 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg | 71.8 ± 0.3 | 72.6 ± 0.3 | 71.7 ± 0.7 | 70.6 ± 0.5 | 0.009 |
High cholesterol, n (%) | 686(38.7) | 168(26.6) | 195(41.7) | 323(57.0) | < 0.001 |
TC, mg/dL | 196.2 ± 1.2 | 197.5 ± 1.9 | 203.0 ± 2.0 | 185.2 ± 2.2 | 0.001 |
TG, mg/dL | 119.8 ± 3.8 | 111.0 ± 6.4 | 120.9 ± 4.3 | 134.0 ± 6.3 | 0.005 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 55.5 ± 0.5 | 59.9 ± 0.7 | 54.8 ± 0.9 | 48.4 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 117.4 ± 1.5 | 117.1 ± 2.4 | 121.8 ± 3.0 | 112.5 ± 2.6 | 0.373 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 381(21.2) | 19(2.1) | 32(5.1) | 330(55.6) | < 0.001 |
FPG, mg/dL | 106.5 ± 1.0 | 96.5 ± 0.5 | 101.2 ± 0.8 | 130.7 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.2 ± 0.6 | 87.5 ± 0.9 | 85.6 ± 0.8 | 80.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, nmol/L | 75.2 ± 1.5 | 77.1 ± 2.4 | 75.6 ± 1.9 | 71.3 ± 1.7 | 0.068 |
Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 0.016 |
Serum phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 0.756 |
NLR | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.539 |
AAC-24 score | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Severe AAC, n (%) | 141(6.7) | 28(2.7) | 34(5.9) | 79(14.8) | < 0.001 |