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Table 2 Characterisation of the sample regarding the co-occurrence of frailty and sarcopenia

From: Associations of medicine use and ejection fraction with the coexistence of frailty and sarcopenia in a sample of heart failure outpatients: a cross-sectional study

 

Number of conditions, n (%)

p-value

No conditions 101 (74.3)

One condition 24 (17.6)

Two conditions 11 (8.1)

Age, years, Md (IQR)

58.0 (48.5, 67.0)

59.5 (50.3, 67.8)

70.0 (50.0, 73.0)

0.065

Age categories, n (%)

   

0.021

 < 65 years

71 (70.3)

16 (66.7)

3 (27.3)

 ≥ 65 years

30 (29.7)

8 (33.3)

8 (72.7)

Sex, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Women

21 (20.8)

15 (62.5)

10 (90.9)

 Men

80 (79.2)

9 (37.5)

1 (9.1)

School years, Md (IQR)

9.0 (4.0, 12.0)

9.0 (4.0, 12.0)

4.0 (4.0, 4.0)

0.009

NYAH functional classes, n (%)

   

0.021

 Class I

41 (41.4)

5 (20.8)

1 (9.1)

 Class II

46 (46.5)

11 (45.8)

8 (72.7)

 Class III

12 (12.1)

8 (33.3)

2 (18.2)

LVEF categories, n (%)

   

0.194

 HFrEF

51 (51.5)

12 (52.2)

3 (27.3)

 HFmrEF

29 (29.3)

6 (26.1)

2 (18.2)

 HFpEF

19 (19.2)

5 (21.7)

6 (54.5)

Polypharmacy, n (%)

   

0.384

 < 5 medicines/day

28 (27.2)

5 (20.8)

1 (9.1)

 ≥ 5 medicines/day

73 (72.3)

19 (79.2)

10 (90.9)

Medicines, n (%)

 ACE inhibitors

80 (80.0)

17 (70.8)

9 (81.8)

0.592

 Beta blockers

97 (97.0)

21 (87.5)

11 (100)

0.143

 Aldosterone antagonists

70 (70.0)

18 (75.0)

3 (27.3)

0.015

 Statins

72 (72.0)

11 (45.8)

6 (54.5)

0.046

 Furosemide

32 (32.0)

11 (45.8)

8 (72.7)

0.022

 Sacubitril/valsartan

13 (13.0)

3 (12.5)

0 (0.0)

0.596

 Ivabradine

17 (17.0)

4 (16.7)

1 (9.1)

0.927

 Thiazide diuretics

6 (6.0)

2 (8.3)

0 (0.0)

0.827

 Acetylsalicylic acid

27 (27.0)

5 (20.8)

3 (27.3)

0.844

 Nitrates

11 (11.0)

2 (8.3)

2 (18.2)

0.794

 Digoxin

9 (9.0)

2 (8.3)

1 (9.1)

0.999

 Antiarrhythmic drugs

9 (9.0)

4 (16.7)

3 (27.3)

0.119

 Anticoagulants

30 (30.0)

13 (54.2)

4 (36.4)

0.077

 Antidepressants

16 (16.0)

8 (33.3)

3 (27.3)

0.124

 Anxiolytics

28 (28.0)

5 (20.8)

3 (27.3)

0.799

Diabetes, n (%)

32 (32.0)

3 (12.5)

4 (36.4)

0.114

Myocardial infarction, n (%)

26 (26.0)

5 (22.7)

1 (9.1)

0.573

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

12 (12.5)

5 (20.8)

2 (18.2)

0.529

BMI, Kg.m−2, M (SD)

29.6 (4.3)

27.4 (3.7)

30.1 (5.0)

0.068

BMI categories, n (%)

   

0.332

 Underweight + normal

16 (15.8)

6 (25.0)

3 (27.3)

 Overweight

41 (40.6)

12 (50.0)

3 (27.3)

 Obese

44 (43.6)

6 (25.0)

5 (45.5)

  1. Results presented in number (n) and percentage (%), in mean (M) and standard deviation (SD), or in median (Md) and inter-quartile range (IQR)
  2. NYHA New York Heart Association, LVEF Left-ventricular ejection fraction, HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFmrEF heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, BMI body mass index. Missing values: LVEF = 3; NYHA = 2; medicines = 1; incidental stroke = 3; atrial fibrillation = 5
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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