Table 1 Characteristics of participants by sex and age

Age

Male

39 (31–48)

27 (25–28)

34 (32–37) ^a

45 (42–47) ^ab

54 (52–57) ^abc

(years)

Female

38 (31–46) *

27 (25–28)

34 (32–37) ^a

45 (42–47) ^ab

52 (51–54) ^abc *

Total

38 (31–47)

27 (25–28)

34 (32–37) ^a

45 (42–47) ^ab

53 (51–55) ^abc

BMI

Male

25.4 (23.4–27.9)

24.5 (22.0–27.3)

25.6 (23.5–28.2) ^a

25.7 (23.9–28.0) ^a

25.6 (23.7–27.7) ^a

(kg/m²)

Female

22.8 (20.8–25.2) *

21.3 (19.5–23.7) *

22.3 (20.4–24.8) ^a *

23.6 (21.8–25.7) ^ab *

23.9 (22.1–26.0) ^ab *

Total

23.8 (21.5–26.4)

22.3 (20.1–25.3)

23.6 (21.1–26.4) ^a

24.3 (22.3–26.7) ^ab

24.7 (22.9–26.9) ^abc

PBF

Male

23.0 (19.4–26.3)

21.0 (16.1–25.4)

23.0 (19.5–26.4) ^a

23.4 (20.4–26.1) ^a

23.7 (20.8–26.6) ^ab

(%)

Female

27.1 (23.4–30.8) *

24.5 (20.6–28.6) *

26.2 (22.6–30.1) ^a *

28.3 (25.3–31.4) ^ab *

29.4 (26.4–32.4) ^abc *

Total

25.5 (21.7–29.3)

23.3 (19.0–27.5)

25.1 (21.4–28.8) ^a

26.7 (23.3–30.2) ^ab

26.5 (22.9–30.0)^ab

WHR

Male

0.90 (0.84–0.93)

0.83 (0.79–0.84)

0.87 (0.84–0.90) ^a

0.92 (0.91–0.95) ^ab

0.94 (0.92–0.97) ^abc

Female

0.79 (0.73–0.82) *

0.73 (0.71–0.79) *

0.77 (0.73–0.81) ^a *

0.80 (0.77–0.83) ^ab *

0.82 (0.80–0.84) ^abc *

Total

0.81 (0.76–0.87)

0.77 (0.72–0.82)

0.80 (0.74–0.85) ^a

0.83 (0.79–0.90) ^ab

0.87 (0.82–0.94) ^abc

SFA

Male

182.3 (141.9–226.5)

167.6 (120.0–232.5)

185.8 (144.5–233.0) ^a

182.5 (147.7–223.1) ^a

184.6 (150.0–221.2) ^a

(cm²)

Female

160.35 (118.0–207.6) *

137.9 (95.2–189.8) *

153.6 (110.3–202.2) ^a *

167.5 (128.9–209.6) ^ab *

187.4 (149.0–226.6) ^abc

Total

169.2 (126.0–215.0)

147.8 (100.7–204.8)

165.9 (121.5–214.8) ^a

173.3 (133.4–214.6) ^ab

186.0 (149.5–223.7) ^abc

VFA

Male

83.6 (59.4–113.1)

66.7 (44.4–95.9)

81.9 (57.8–108.7) ^a

89.5 (66.1–117.9) ^ab

94.6 (69.9–124.8) ^ab

(cm²)

Female

50.1 (34.5–70.9) *

39.8 (28.1–54.9) *

45.0 (32.1–64.0) ^a *

56.5 (40.8–78.0) ^ab *

66.7 (48.6–88.3) ^abc *

Total

60.6 (39.9–88.2)

46.5 (31.5–69.2)

55.7 (36.7–83.2) ^a

65.5 (45.7–91.0) ^ab

78.2 (56.2–106.8) ^abc

baPWV

Male

1297 (1185–1428)

1187 (1097–1293)

1259 (1164–1369) ^a

1339 (1228–1475) ^ab

1400 (1288–1552) ^abc

(cm/s)

Female

1152 (1057–1272) *

1060 (995–1136) *

1107 (1038–1195) ^a *

1226 (1132–1332) ^ab *

1301 (1188–1429) ^abc *

Total

1205 (1092–1337)

1098 (1021–1196)

1158 (1067–1275) ^a

1257 (1156–1381) ^ab

1348 (1228–1492) ^abc