Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

N

159

769

1017

1275

Age (mean ± SD), years

60.93 ± 13.47

62.61 ± 13.49

65.41 ± 12.69

69.84 ± 11.02

< 0.001

Sex n (%)

< 0.001

 Male

69 (43.40%)

431 (56.05%)

632 (62.14%)

705 (55.29%)

 Female

90 (56.60%)

338 (43.95%)

385 (37.86%)

570 (44.71%)

Race/ethnicity n (%)

< 0.001

 Mexican American n (%)

11 (6.92%)

111 (14.44%)

121 (11.90%)

70 (5.49%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

90 (56.60%)

271 (35.24%)

169 (16.62%)

176 (13.80%)

 Non-Hispanic White

42 (26.42%)

268 (34.85%)

521 (51.22%)

862 (67.61%)

 Other

16 (10.06%)

119 (15.47%)

206 (20.26%)

167 (13.10%)

Education level n (%)

< 0.001

 Below high school

63 (39.62%)

294 (38.23%)

364 (35.79%)

349 (27.37%)

 High school

39 (24.53%)

194 (25.23%)

264 (25.96%)

308 (24.16%)

 Above high school

57 (35.85%)

281 (36.54%)

389 (38.25%)

618 (48.47%)

Smoking status n (%)

< 0.001

 Never smoker

64 (40.25%)

284 (36.93%)

389 (38.25%)

550 (43.17%)

 Former smoker

40 (25.16%)

258 (33.55%)

412 (40.51%)

532 (41.76%)

 Current smoker

55 (34.59%)

227 (29.52%)

216 (21.24%)

192 (15.07%)

Drinking status n (%)

0.964

 Nondrinker

39 (27.08%)

198 (28.41%)

271 (28.65%)

347 (28.94%)

 Low-to-moderate drinker

95 (65.97%)

454 (65.14%)

624 (65.96%)

777 (64.80%)

 Heavy drinker

10 (6.94%)

45 (6.46%)

51 (5.39%)

75 (6.26%)

Renal failure n (%)

15 (9.43%)

84 (10.92%)

90 (8.85%)

174 (13.65%)

0.003

Hypertension n (%)

128 (80.50%)

577 (75.03%)

729 (71.68%)

969 (76.00%)

0.031

Hypercholesterolemia n (%)

75 (47.17%)

445 (57.87%)

630 (61.95%)

809 (63.45%)

< 0.001

Diabetes n (%)

64 (40.25%)

298 (38.75%)

343 (33.73%)

416 (32.63%)

0.014

Cancer n (%)

20 (12.58%)

125 (16.25%)

188 (18.49%)

339 (26.59%)

< 0.001

Family history of heart disease n (%)

37 (23.27%)

170 (22.11%)

223 (21.93%)

281 (22.04%)

0.985

Family income-poverty ratio n (%)

< 0.001

 ≤ 1.0

50 (35.21%)

235 (33.33%)

237 (25.73%)

211 (18.08%)

 1–3

70 (49.30%)

336 (47.66%)

458 (49.73%)

567 (48.59%)

 > 3

22 (15.49%)

134 (19.01%)

226 (24.54%)

389 (33.33%)

Leisure-time physical activity n (%)

< 0.001

 Inactive

86 (54.09%)

382 (49.67%)

424 (41.69%)

535 (41.96%)

 Insufficiently active

39 (24.53%)

198 (25.75%)

260 (25.57%)

343 (26.90%)

 Active

34 (21.38%)

189 (24.58%)

333 (32.74%)

397 (31.14%)

Status n (%)

0.038

 Survive

99 (62.26%)

537 (69.83%)

726 (71.39%)

928 (72.78%)

 Death

60 (37.74%)

232 (30.17%)

291 (28.61%)

347 (27.22%)

N

159

769

1017

1275

Heart rate (mean ± SD), bpm

76.36 (12.40)

72.31 (12.92)

70.06 (12.18)

68.65 (11.37)

< 0.001

BMI kg/m2

33.86 (10.24)

31.62 (7.76)

30.77 (7.04)

29.34 (6.64)

< 0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.13 (1.87)

13.71 (1.71)

13.97 (1.63)

13.72 (1.55)

< 0.001

WBC (1000 cells/uL)

7.22 (2.45)

7.43 (2.31)

7.56 (2.82)

7.51 (4.66))

0.044

NEUT (1000 cells/uL)

4.26 (1.82)

4.51 (1.83)

4.52 (1.67)

4.43 (1.66)

0.219

LYM (1000 cells/uL)

2.13 (0.93)

2.05 (0.75)

2.13 (1.80)

2.17 (4.12)

< 0.001

HDL (mg/dL)

51.68 (21.04)

48.52 (15.37)

47.92 (14.77)

51.85 (16.18)

< 0.001

Triglyceride(mg/dL)

123.00 (69.50–199.00)

135.00 (78.00-209.00)

130.00 (82.00-212.00)

124.00 (77.00-204.00)

0.100

LDL (mg/dL)

103.68 (41.38)

101.58 (37.18)

99.95 (37.97)

96.55 (34.73)

0.006

TC (mg/dL)

182.54 (47.25)

180.13 (46.43)

178.49 (46.19)

176.44 (42.17)

0.179

Glucose (mg/dL)

101.00 (91.00-127.00)

102.00 (91.00-129.50)

102.00 (92.00-126.00)

100.00 (90.00-120.00)

< 0.001

Creatinine (µmol/L)

83.98 (66.30-103.43)

84.86 (69.84-104.75)

85.75 (71.38–105.20)

90.17 (75.14-113.15)

0.014

Serum uric acid (mg/dL)

6.33 (1.80)

5.95 (1.65)

5.99 (1.57)

6.00 (1.63)

0.057

AST (U/L)

21.00 (17.00–26.00)

22.00 (18.00–27.00)

23.00 (19.50–28.00)

23.00 (19.00–28.00)

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

17.00 (13.00–24.00)

19.00 (14.00–26.00)

21.00 (16.00–27.00)

19.00 (15.00–25.00)

< 0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

3.90 (0.49)

4.03 (0.36))

4.13 (0.32)

4.15 (0.33)

< 0.001

Phosphorus (mmol/L)

1.19 (0.21)

1.20 (0.20)

1.18 (0.18)

1.20 (0.19)

0.168

Calcium (mmol/L)

2.32 (0.13)

2.32 (0.10)

2.34 (0.09)

2.36 (0.10)

< 0.001

Glycohemoglobin (%)

6.47 (1.67)

6.51 (1.63)

6.29 (1.28)

6.16 (1.11)

< 0.001