Fig. 3

Cardiac dysfunction measured by conventional echocardiography. a The M-mode images in the parasternal short axis of the rats were acquired, and b EF, c FS, d CO and e SV were calculated. f The pulsed wave Doppler of the mitral valve flow was obtained, and g the peak velocity blood flow in early diastole (the E wave) to peak velocity flow in late diastole (the A wave) ratio was analysed. EF: ejection fraction, FS: fractional shortening, CO: cardiac output, SV: stroke volume, MV E/A: mitral valve E/A. Values are presented as the means ± SDs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs CON group by one-way ANOVA; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs DM group by one-way ANOVA