Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the cohort stratified by hemodynamic gain index quartiles
All (N = 271) (13 missing HGI/HR) | Q1 (N = 68) | Q2 (N = 68) | Q3 (N = 68) | Q4 (N = 67) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HGI | ≥ 2.08 | 1.66–2.07 | 1.26–1.65 | ≤ 1.25 | ||
HGI (mean ± SD) | 1.74 ± 0.67 | 2.64 ± 0.53 | 1.85 ± 0.12 | 1.45 ± 0.12 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 |
Demographics | ||||||
Age | 52.9 ± 11.8 | 48.7 ± 10.9 | 52.9 ± 11.3 | 53.7 ± 10.7 | 56.5 ± 13.2 | 0.002 |
Male | 225 (83%) | 62 (91%) | 59 (87%) | 56 (82%) | 48 (72%) | 0.018 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 28.4 ± 4.6 | 29.1 ± 4.7 | 29.4 ± 4.5 | 29.4 ± 5.4 | 0.54 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension | 81 (30%) | 18 (27%) | 16 (23%) | 23 (34%) | 24 (36%) | 0.34 |
Diabetes | 45 (17%) | 10 (15%) | 10 (15%) | 10 (15%) | 15 (22%) | 0.54 |
Dyslipidemia | 82 (30%) | 21 (30%) | 19 (28%) | 24 (35%) | 18 (27%) | 0.70 |
Smoking history | 166 (61%) | 42 (62%) | 45 (66%) | 47 (69%) | 32 (48%) | 0.055 |
Framingham Risk Score | 24 ± 19 | 13 ± 15 | 19 ± 17 | 27 ± 18 | 35 ± 18 | < 0.001 |
Hemodynamics | ||||||
Resting HR (bpm) | 70 ± 10 | 62 ± 8 | 68 ± 9 | 72 ± 7 | 79 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
Resting SBP(mmHg) | 117 ± 12 | 113 ± 11 | 119 ± 10 | 119 ± 12 | 119 ± 13 | 0.003 |
Peak HR (bpm) | 131 ± 20 | 148 ± 16 | 136 ± 19 | 124 ± 14 | 116 ± 14 | < 0.001 |
Peak SBP (mmHg) | 167 ± 17 | 170 ± 18 | 170 ± 16 | 168 ± 18 | 160 ± 14 | < 0.001 |
% MPHR | 84 ± 9 | 89 ± 7 | 85 ± 7 | 84 ± 7 | 77 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
Exercise time (min) | 9.4 ± 7.2 | 10.0 ± 4.6 | 9.3 ± 7.1 | 10.0 ± 9.1 | 8.0 ± 7.1 | 0.38 |
Duke treadmill score | 3.5 ± 4.3 | 5.8 ± 4.6 | 3.9 ± 4.4 | 2.2 ± 3.8 | 1.6 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |