Table 1 Clinical characteristics of subjects

Age/year

49 ± 11

53 ± 11

52 ± 11

54 ± 12

48 ± 12

Male/ (n)/%

27 (61)

22 (63)

10 (59)

12 (66)

20 (62)

Height/ (m)

1.66 ± 0.09

1.68 ± 0.08

1.66 ± 0.08

1.65 ± 0.08

1.65 ± 0.07

Weight/ (kg)

60.00 ( 55.25, 72.00)

70.00 (64.50, 78.00)^a

70.00 (60.50, 34.50)

71.00 (66.00, 89.00)^a

71.00 (65.25, 79.50)^a

BMI/ (kg/m²)

22.94 (20.00, 25.52)

25.51 (23.08, 28.16)^a

24.09 (21.71, 27. 62)

27.06 (24.13, 29.40)^{a, b}

25.88 (24.09, 27.70)^a

BSA/m²

1.70 ± 0.18

1.86 ± 0.27^a

1.83 ± 0.3^a

1.88 ± 0.24^a

1.82 ± 0.14^a

SBP/mmHg

118.36 ± 10.80

133.08 ± 14.65^a

124.82 ± 11.03

140.88 ± 13.49^{a, b}

139.96 ± 29.87^{a, b}

DBP/mmHg

76.93 ± 9.33

82.60 ± 12.42^a

76.64 ± 10.16

88.22 ± 11.93^{a, b}

90.62 ± 22.89^{a, b}

HR/bpm

76 ± 13

71 ± 12

69 ± 10

73 ± 13

76 ± 14

Diabetes duration/y

–

6.65 ± 4.49

6.41 ± 3.35

6.88 ± 5.45

–

HCT /%

43.77 ± 3.73

42.77 ± 4.80

41.35 ± 4.32

44.11 ± 4.96

42.66 ± 4.92

hemoglobin/ (g/L)

148.00 ± 15.10

142.94 ± 15.99

139.29 ± 17.05

146.38 ± 14.55

145.43 ± 18.54

GSP/ (mmol/L)

278.70 ± 49.03

338.19 ± 71.90^a

333.59 ± 63.16^a

43.13 ± 82.92^a

260.75 ± 21.58^{b, c}

HbA1C/%

5.57 ± 0.33

8.09 ± 1.86^a

8.50 ± 2.13^a

7.65 ± 1.49^a

5.75 ± 0.43^{b, c}

FPG (mmol/L)

4.94 (4.57, 5.24)

7.11 (6.13, 9.13)^a

6.67 (5.73, 9.76)^a

7.27 (6.39, 8.61)^a

5.14 (4.67, 5.72)^{b, c}

TC/ (mmol/L)

4.34 ± 0.89

4.51 ± 1.05

4.54 ± 1.15

4.49 ± 0.97

4.44 ± 1.00

F-CHO/ (mmol/L)

1.49 ± 0.36

1.63 ± 0.44

1.56 ± 0.38

1.69 ± 0.49

1.55 ± 0.38

LDL-C/ (mmol/L)

2.49 ± 0.72

2.71 ± 0.92

2.88 ± 0.95

2.54 ± 0.88

2.65 ± 0.77

HDL-C/ (mmol/L)

1.23 ± 0.41

0.98 ± 0.21^a

0.95 ± 0.19^a

1.02 ± 0.23^a

1.03 ± 0.20^a

TG/ (mmol/L)

1.20 (0.84, 2.26)

1.61 (1.30, 2.38)

1.81 ± 0.91

2.11 ± 1.44

1.67 (1.26, 2.39)