Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the normal group and the fetal CHD group
From: Associated factors for prenatally diagnosed fetal congenital heart diseases
Variables | Normal group | CHD group | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
N | 4149 | 875 | |
Age | 31.03 (4.25) | 30.36 (4.27) | < 0.001 |
Gestational Weeks | 26.08 (2.82) | 26.77 (3.82) | < 0.001 |
Paternal age | 32.65 (5.07) | 31.79 (4.79) | < 0.001 |
Gravidity | 2.00 (1.00–2.00) | 2.00 (1.00–3.00) | 0.031 |
History of spontaneous abortion | 1175 (29.49%) | 313 (37.00%) | < 0.001 |
Induced labor | 60 (1.54%) | 25 (3.05%) | 0.003 |
History of childbirth | 1168 (29.62%) | 294 (35.17%) | 0.002 |
Method of conception | 0.735 | ||
Natural conception | 3829 (95.87%) | 818 (96.12%) | |
In-Vitro Fertilization | 165 (4.13%) | 33 (3.88%) | |
Progesterone use | 651 (16.70%) | 165 (19.90%) | 0.026 |
Down's or noninvasive DNA testing | 0.419 | ||
Low risk | 3219 (95.69%) | 685 (95.01%) | |
High risk | 145 (4.31%) | 36 (4.99%) | |
Anemia | 16 (0.39%) | 4 (0.46%) | 0.76 |
Thyroid disorders | 36 (0.87%) | 10 (1.14%) | 0.437 |
Upper respiratory tract infection in early pregnancy | 609 (14.68%) | 168 (19.20%) | < 0.001 |
Autoimmune disease | 41 (0.99%) | 7 (0.80%) | 0.603 |
Diabetes mellitus | 45 (1.08%) | 9 (1.03%) | 0.886 |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 18 (0.43%) | 4 (0.46%) | 0.925 |
Vitamin K–antagonist | 5 (0.12%) | 1 (0.11%) | 0.961 |
Maternal smoking | 0.987 | ||
No | 4138 (99.78%) | 873 (99.77%) | |
Former smokers | 5 (0.12%) | 1 (0.11%) | |
Current smokers | 4 (0.10%) | 1 (0.11%) | |
Maternal drinking | 0.087 | ||
No | 4139 (99.83%) | 873 (99.77%) | |
Former drinkers | 7 (0.17%) | 1 (0.11%) | |
Current drinkers | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.11%) | |
Paternal smoking | 0.013 | ||
No | 3897 (93.97%) | 800 (91.43%) | |
Former smokers | 30 (0.72%) | 12 (1.37%) | |
Current smokers | 220 (5.31%) | 63 (7.20%) | |
Paternal drinking | 0.031 | ||
No | 3986 (96.12%) | 824 (94.17%) | |
Former drinkers | 40 (0.96%) | 14 (1.60%) | |
Current drinkers | 121 (2.92%) | 37 (4.23%) | |
Spouse's medication use during preparation for pregnancy | 37 (0.89%) | 16 (1.83%) | 0.014 |
Mental stress during early pregnancy | 28 (0.68%) | 16 (1.83%) | < 0.001 |
Occupational radiation exposure | 16 (0.39%) | 7 (0.80%) | 0.099 |
Family history of CHD | 8 (0.19%) | 2 (0.23%) | 0.828 |
Twin pregnancy | 87 (2.10%) | 24 (2.74%) | 0.238 |
Fetal hydrops | 8 (0.19%) | 8 (0.91%) | < 0.001 |
Abnormal amniotic fluid volume | 26 (0.63%) | 13 (1.49%) | 0.009 |
Pet-keeping | 172 (4.15%) | 33 (3.77%) | 0.608 |
Indoor decoration during pregnancy | 8 (0.19%) | 4 (0.46%) | 0.147 |
Single umbilical artery | 37 (0.89%) | 13 (1.49%) | 0.108 |
Persistent right umbilical vein | 35 (0.84%) | 5 (0.57%) | 0.41 |