Table 1 Baseline characteristics and comparison of lidocaine and amiodarone
Before matching | After matching (before multiple imputations) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Overall (n = 1970) | Lidocaine (n = 105) | Amiodarone (n = 1865) | SD | Overall (n = 252) | Lidocaine (n = 63) | Amiodarone (n = 189) | SD |
Age (years) | 66 (55–75) | 69 (61–79) | 66 (54–75) | 0.28 | 69 (60–79) | 68 (59.5–79.5) | 69 (60–78) | 0.01 |
Male, n (%) | 1606 (81.5) | 81 (77.1) | 1525 (81.8) | 0.12 | 192 (76.2) | 49 (77.8) | 143 (75.7) | 0.05 |
Transportation by vehicular or air ambulance with a physician, n (%) | 416 (78.9) | 12 (11.4) | 404 (21.7) | 0.28 | 27 (10.7) | 7 (11.1) | 20 (10.6) | 0.02 |
Witness status, n (%) | 0.20 | 0.05 | ||||||
EMS personnel | 811 (41.2) | 51 (48.6) | 760 (40.8) | 110 (43.7) | 27 (42.9) | 83 (43.9) | ||
Others | 625 (31.7) | 25 (23.8) | 600 (32.2) | 74 (29.4) | 18 (28.6) | 56 (29.6) | ||
Bystander CPR, n (%) | 946 (48.0) | 46 (43.8) | 900 (48.3) | 0.09 | 114 (45.2) | 29 (46.0) | 85 (45.0) | 0.02 |
Initial cardiac rhythm monitored, n (%) | 0.35 | 0.21 | ||||||
VF | 1209 (61.4) | 49 (46.7) | 1160 (62.2) | 127 (50.4) | 30 (47.6) | 97 (51.3) | ||
Pulseless VT | 12 (0.6) | 1 (0.01) | 11 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
PEA | 305 (15.5) | 24 (22.9) | 281 (15.1) | 61 (24.2) | 14 (22.2) | 47 (24.9) | ||
Asystole | 329 (16.7) | 26 (24.8) | 303 (16.2) | 58 (23.0) | 16 (25.4) | 42 (22.2) | ||
Others | 115 (5.8) | 5 (4.8) | 110 (5.9) | 6 (2.4) | 3 (4.8) | 3 (1.6) | ||
Cause of cardiac arrest, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.10 | ||||||
Cardiogenic | 248 (19.2) | 12 (11.4) | 236 (19.3) | 37 (14.7) | 11 (17.5) | 26 (13.8) | ||
Presumed cardiogenic | 1043 (80.8) | 54 (51.4) | 989 (80.7) | 215 (85.3) | 52 (82.5) | 163 (86.2) | ||
Presence of shock delivery, n (%) | 1850 (95.0) | 83 (79.1) | 1767 (95.6) | 0.42 | 225 (91.1) | 49 (81.7) | 176 (94.1) | 0.39 |
Administration of adrenaline, n (%) | 1748 (88.9) | 88 (83.8) | 1660 (89.2) | 0.13 | 225 (89.3) | 51 (81.0) | 174 (92.1) | 0.33 |
Administration of antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%) | ||||||||
Lidocaine | 105 (5.3) | 105 (100) | 0 (0) | – | 63 (25.0) | 63 (100) | 0 (0) | – |
Amiodarone | 1865 (94.7) | 0 (0) | 1865 (100) | 189 (75.0) | 0 (0) | 189 (100) | – | |
Nifekalant | 69 (3.5) | 5 (4.8) | 64 (3.4) | 0.07 | 5 (2.0) | 2 (3.2) | 3 (1.6) | 0.10 |
Magnesium | 238 (12.1) | 9 (8.6) | 229 (12.3) | 0.12 | 27 (10.7) | 2 (3.2) | 25 (13.2) | 0.37 |
Time from call to physician contact, mins | 31 (25–38) | 29 (24–38) | 31 (25–38) | 0.06 | 31 (26–38) | 29 (24–39.5) | 32 (27–38) | 0.03 |
Time from call to EMS contact, mins | 8 (6–10) | 8 (6–10) | 8 (7–10) | 0.14 | 8 (7–10) | 8 (7–10) | 8 (7–10) | 0.03 |
Time from call to ROSC, mins | 43 (27–62) | 36 (27.3–52.8) | 43 (27–63) | 0.15 | 39 (26–58.5) | 34 (23–49.5) | 41.5 (26.8–60) | 0.38 |
Types of treatment, n (%) | ||||||||
ECMO | 884 (44.9) | 26 (24.8) | 858 (46.0) | 0.46 | 98 (38.9) | 17 (27.0) | 81 (42.9) | 0.34 |
IABP | 695 (35.3) | 21 (20.0) | 674 (36.1) | 0.37 | 74 (29.4) | 12 (19.0) | 62 (32.8) | 0.32 |
PCI | 558 (28.3) | 23 (21.9) | 535 (28.7) | 0.16 | 65 (25.8) | 16 (25.4) | 49 (25.9) | 0.01 |
TTM | 642 (32.6) | 27 (25.7) | 615 (33.0) | 0.16 | 76 (30.2) | 19 (30.2) | 57 (30.2) | < 0.001 |
30-day CPC, n (%) | ||||||||
1, good cerebral recovery | 194 (9.8) | 11 (10.5) | 183 (9.8) | 17 (6.7) | 7 (11.1) | 10 (5.3) | ||
2, moderate cerebral disability | 68 (3.5) | 4 (3.8) | 64 (3.4) | 7 (2.8) | 3 (4.8) | 4 (2.1) | ||
3, severe cerebral disability | 83 (4.2) | 3 (2.9) | 80 (4.3) | 9 (3.6) | 2 (3.2) | 7 (3.7) | ||
4, coma or vegetative state | 130 (6.6) | 6 (5.7) | 124 (6.6) | 17 (6.7) | 5 (7.9) | 12 (6.3) | ||
5, death or brain death | 1495 (75.9) | 81 (77.1) | 1414 (75.8) | 202 (80.2) | 46 (73.0) | 156 (82.5) | ||
30-day survival, n (%) | 475 (24.1) | 24 (22.9) | 451 (24.2) | 54 (21.1) | 17 (26.6) | 37 (19.3) | ||
30-day good neurological outcome, n (%) | 262 (13.3) | 15 (14.3) | 247 (13.2) | 24 (9.5) | 10 (15.9) | 14 (7.4) | ||