Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies (n = 9)
Author | Year | Study Design | Follow up | Intervention (mg) | Control | Cumulative dose | Patient population | Outcomes | Sample size Randomized [E/C] | Male% [E/C] | Mean age [E/C] | Country | Outcome assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ali [32] | 2016 | DB-RCT | 4 months | 500 × 2 | Placebo | 1000 | STEMI patients | LVEF (4 months), LVM, LVMI, and diastolic function (E, e′, E/e, and LAVI) | 118/119 | 80.5/74.8 | 57.9/58.2 | Netherlands | 2D Echocardiography (Vivid 7) |
Gupta [33] | 2020 | OL-RCT | 12 months | 1000 × 2 | SOC | 2000 | Documented CAD (angiographically documented or a previous history of myocardial infarction/angina), verified HF functional class III, FIRI ≥ 2.5 by receiving basic therapy for CAD and CHF (HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF) | LVEF, Incidence of MI, hospitalization for HF decompensating, all-cause death, and conversion from Prediabetic to diabetes. secondary outcomes: QoL, (MLHFQ), neurohormonal, lipid profile, renal function, Insulin, aldosterone, and Nt-proBNP, 6 MWT | 39/37 | 72.9/43.6 | 62/62 | India | Transthoracic echocardiography (iE33 xMATRIX | Philips) |
Ladeiras-Lopes [15] | 2021 | OL-RCT | 3, 6, and 12 months | 1000 × 2 | SOC | 2000 | Non-diabetic adults aged 40–65 years with non-diabetic MetS and diastolic dysfunction | e′ velocity, LVEF, LVMI (g/m2), Pro-BNP, QoL (SF-36), CPX (Peak Vo2), FIRI, CRP | 27/27 | 46/64 | 51.2/52.4 | Portugal | 2D Echocardiography |
Larsen [16] | 2020 | DB-RCT | 3 months | 1000 × 2 | SOC | 2000 | Insulin-resistant chronic HF patients without diabetes | LVMI (g/m2), LVEF, QoL (MLHFQ), HBA1c, HOMA-IR, Pro-BNP, E/e ratio, GLS, Myocardial efficiency (WMI, MEE), CPX (resting and max Vo2), 6 MWT | 19/17 | 89/71 | 68/61 | Denmark | 2D Echocardiography (Vivid E9 and E95, GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway) |
Mohan [14] | 2019 | DB-RCT | 12 months | 1000 × 2 | Placebo | 2000 | CAD with IR and/or pre-diabetes | LVMI (g/m1.7), LVEF, Wt, TBA derivatives, Pro-BNP, A1C, HOMA-IR, systolic BP | 31/32 | 84/75 | 64.5/64.5 | UK | Cardiac MRI (CMR) |
Sardu [34] | 2021 | DB-RCT | 12 months | 850 × 2 | Placebo | 1700 | Obese patients with pre-diabetes. All 83 patients underwent abdominoplastic surgery and, after treatment, received a hypocaloric diet | inflammatory/oxidative stress, miRs’ expression, and cardiovascular function (LVMI and LVEF) | 28/27 | 28.6/33.3 | 42.5/41.8 | Italy | 2D Echocardiography |
Stakos [35] | 2005 | DB-RCT | 12, and 24 months | 500 mg × 1 | Placebo | 500 | Non-diabetic patients with IR | Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profile, LVMI (g/m2), aortic distensibility, aortic PWV | 59/97 | 24/26 | 40.5/41 | Greece | 2D Echocardiography M-Mode Echocardiography |
Velázquez [18] | 2016 | OL-RCT | Six months | 850 × 1 | SOC | 850 | 35–60 years, diastolic dysfunction, abdominal obesity, and MS diagnosed according to the ATP III criteria. At least three of the five diagnostic criteria of MS | Echocardiographic parameters, Lipid profile, BP, and CRP | 20/20 | 46/46 | 44.5/44 | Mexico | 2D Echocardiography (Phillips model IE33) |
Wong [17] | 2012 | DB-RCT | 4 months | 1000 × 2 | Placebo | 2000 | Non-diabetic IR HF patients (FIRI ≥ 2.7) | CPX (Peak Vo2 was the primary outcome), FIRI, VE/VCO2 slope, BNP, LVEF, 6-min walk test, MLHFQ | 39/23 | 89.7/95.6 | 64/68 | UK | 2D Echocardiography |