Fig. 1
Adjusted associations between biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis, and myocyte stretch that differed by HIV serostatus and cardiac structural characteristics (ECV and LAVI), overall and by HIV serostatus. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for high left atrial volume index (≥ 40 mL/m2) and high extracellular volume fraction (≥ 30% among women and ≥ 28% among men) are reported per standard deviation increment in biomarker, estimated using logistic regression adjusting for HIV serostatus, age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, history of cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure-lowering therapy, dyslipidemia, diabetes, pack-years of smoking in 5 years preceding CMR, and hazardous alcohol use in 5 years preceding CMR. Null hypothesis is that odds ratio = 1. Interaction p-value is for a multiplicative interaction parameter, biomarker × HIV serostatus, used to assess effect measure modification. ECV = extracellular volume; LAVI = left atrial volume index; PLWH = persons living with HIV; PLWOH = persons living without HIV; sCD14 = soluble cluster of differentiation 14; GDF-15 = growth differentiation factor 15; NT-proBNP = N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide