Determinants of metabolic syndrome among patients attending diabetes clinics in two sub-urban hospitals: Bono Region, Ghana

Table 4 Factors associated with MS among people with T2DM

	Simple logistic regression			Multiple logistic regression
Parameter	Crude OR	95% CI	p-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
Sex
Men	Reference			Reference
Women	2.33	1.53–3.53	< 0.001	2.15	1.29–3.58	0.003
Duration of T2DM
Less than 5 years	Reference			Reference
More than 5 Year	4.12	2.51–6.77	< 0.001	5.20	2.90–9.31	< 0.001
Obesity status
Obesity statusNot overweight/obese	Reference			Reference
Obesity statusOverweight/obese	5.49	3.49–8.64	< 0.001	6.10	3.70–10.07	< 0.001
Age (years)
Age (years)30–39	Reference
40–49	1.64	0.58–4.64	0.349
50–59	1.03	0.41–2.59	0.944
60–69	0.99	0.39–2.51	0.978
70–79	1.08	0.42–2.81	0.869
Marital status
Married	Reference
Unmarried	1.82	1.15–2.86	0.010
Education
Less than secondary	Reference
Secondary and higher	0.87	0.46–1.66	0.679
Occupation
Farmers	Reference
Traders	2.13	1.08–4.20	0.029
Office-related	0.84	0.37–1.90	0.668
Unemployed/pensioner	0.92	0.51–1.62	0.770
Other	0.98	0.33–2.97	0.975
Family history of T2DM
No	Reference
Yes	1.24	0.79–1.92	0.351
Physical activity
3 or more times/week	Reference
Less than 3 times per week	1.45	0.87–2.41	0.154
Fruit consumption
Daily	Reference
Not daily	1.26	0.52–3.09	0.607
Vegetable consumption
Daily	Reference
Not daily	1.02	0 .61–1.71	0.946
Eating oil-cooked food
Not daily	Reference
Daily	1.44	0.79–2.65	0.234

In the adjusted analyses, sex, duration of T2DM, and Obesity status are each adjusted for all the other covariates in the simple logistic regression analyses

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