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Table 1 Characteristics of the sample according to the presence of sarcopenia

From: Statins are associated with reduced likelihood of sarcopenia in a sample of heart failure outpatients: a cross-sectional study

 

Normal (n = 111)

Sarcopenic (n = 25)

p-value

Sex, n (%)

  

 < 0.001

 Women

24 (21.6)

22 (88.0)

 

 Men

87 (78.4)

3 (12.0)

 

Age, Md (IQR)

58.0 (49.0, 67.0)

67.0 (52.0, 70.5)

0.038

Age intervals, n (%)

  

0.009

  < 65

79 (71.2)

11 (44.0)

 

  ≥ 65

32 (28.8)

14 (56.0)

 

HF aetiology, n (%)

  

0.040

 Dilated cardiomyopathy

59 (54.6)

13 (56.5)

 

 Ischaemic

33 (30.6)

5 (21.7)

 

 Myocarditis

5 (4.6)

0 (0.0)

 

 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy*

4 (3.7)

5 (21.7)

 

 Others

7 (6.5)

0 (0.0)

 

LVEF, %, M (SD)

36.8 (12.9)

42.3 (16.5)

0.080

LVEF categories, n (%)

  

0.202

 HFrEF (< 40%)

56 (51.9)

10 (40.0)

 

 HFmrEF (40–50%)

31 (28.7)

6 (24.0)

 

 HFpEF (≥ 50%)

21 (19.4)

9 (36.0)

 

NYHA classification, n (%)

  

0.189

 Class I

42 (38.5)

5 (20.0)

 

 Class II

49 (45.0)

16 (64.0)

 

 Class III

18 (16.5)

4 (16.0)

 

Medications, n (%)

 ACE inhibitors

87 (79.1)

19 (76.0)

0.734

 Beta blockers

106 (96.4)

23 (92.0)

0.339

 Aldosterone antagonists

77 (70.0)

14 (56.0)

0.178

 Statins

77 (69.4)

12 (48.0)

0.042

 Furosemide

37 (33.6)

14 (56.0)

0.037

Incident myocardial infarction, n (%)

28 (25.7)

4 (16.7)

0.436

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

16 (15.1)

3 (12.0)

0.999

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

33 (30.0)

6 (24.0)

0.550

Polypharmacy, n (%)

79 (71.8)

22 (88.0)

0.092

Physical activity, n (%)

  

0.017

 Inactive*

56 (50.5)

20 (80.0)

 

 Minimally active

41 (36.9)

5 (20.0)

 

 Active

14 (12.6)

0 (0.0)

 

Weight, Kg, Md (IQR)

80.8 (73.5, 89.6)

67.2 (56.7, 73.9)

 < 0.001

Standing height, cm, M (SD)

166.9 (8.6)

153.8 (8.8)

 < 0.001

BMI, Kg.m−2, M (SD)

29.5 (4.2)

28.0 (4.7)

0.120

BMI classes, n (%)

  

0.118

 Underweight + Normal

17 (15.3)

8 (32.0)

 

 Overweight

46 (41.4)

10 (40.0)

 

 Obese

48 (43.2)

7 (28.0)

 

Hand grip strength, Kgf, Md (IQR)

32.7 (26.5, 39.5)

18.0 (16.2, 22.9)

 < 0.001

Gait speed, m.s−1, Md (IQR)

1.13 (0.93, 1.31)

0.83 (0.73, 1.07)

 < 0.001

Gait speed ≤ 0.8 m.s−1, n (%)

5 (4.5)

10 (40.0)

 < 0.001

Dietary assessment

 Energy, Kcal/day, Md (IQR)

1765 (1500, 2227)

1533 (1151, 1792)

0.008

 Total fat, g/day, Md (IQR)

56.9 (42.5, 86.2)

48.2 (31.2, 61.6)

0.020

 Carbohydrates, g/day, Md (IQR)

198.1 (158.5, 245.8)

183.5 (118.8, 212.3)

0.069

 Protein, g/day, Md (IQR)

85.9 (60.4, 106.3)

70.9 (59.1, 99.5)

0.134

  1. Values are presented as: n (%) = number (percentage); M (SD) = Mean (Standard Deviation); Md (IQR) = Median (Lower quartile, Upper quartile). HF = Heart Failure; LVEF = Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; HFrEF = Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction; HFmrEF = Heart Failure with mildly reduced Ejection Fraction; HFpEF = Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association functional HF classes. ACE = Angiotensin-conversion Enzyme; BMI = Body Mass Index. Missing values: LVEF n = 3; NYHA n = 2; Incident myocardial infarction n = 2; Atrial fibrillation n = 5
  2. *Results differ significantly between subsets of dependent variable, as per Bonferroni adjusted p-values
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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