Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the ABI (−) and ABI (+) groups for males and females

Age (year,\(\overline{x}\) ± s)

50.07 ± 9.30

51.63 ± 8.92

-1.987

0.047

51.72 ± 8.28

50.40 ± 8.52

1.120

0.264

BMI (kg/m², \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

23.50 ± 3.04

25.16 ± 2.81

-6.533

 < 0.001

22.02 ± 2.92

22.76 ± 3.23

-1.641

0.105

SBP (mmHg, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

122.56 ± 14.44

126.32 ± 14.00

-3.097

0.002

115.12 ± 14.84

113.80 ± 12.57

0.648

0.518

DBP (mmHg, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

78.47 ± 9.24

81.24 ± 9.75

-3.474

0.001

71.34 ± 9.36

72.10 ± 9.32

-0.574

0.567

Hypertension

7.323

0.007

4.264

0.039

No (n (%))

418(83.94)

144(75.00)

260(91.87)

56(93.33)

Yes (n (%))

80(16.06)

48(25.00)

23(8.13)

4(6.67)

UA (mg/dl, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

5.84 ± 1.18

5.78 ± 1.09

0.655

0.513

4.11 ± 0.94

4.44 ± 1.13

-2.428

0.016

TC (mmol/l, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

5.35 ± 0.90

5.31 ± 0.86

0.502

0.616

5.55 ± 0.98

4.78 ± 0.63

7.684

 < 0.001

TG (mmol/l, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

1.28 ± 0.92

1.47 ± 0.96

-2.408

0.016

0.79 ± 0.05

0.56 ± 0.03

3.231

0.001

HDL-C (mmol/l, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

1.28 ± 0.33

1.20 ± 0.28

2.901

0.004

1.60 ± 0.38

1.66 ± 0.28

-1.253

0.213

LDL-C (mmol/l, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

3.30 ± 0.81

3.29 ± 0.84

0.128

0.898

2.60 ± 0.46

3.32 ± 0.84

-9.318

 < 0.001

SC (mmol/l, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

2.16 ± 0.15

2.17 ± 0.22

-0.248

0.805

2.09 ± 0.25

2.04 ± 0.23

0.699

0.487

SP (mmol/l, \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

1.16 ± 0.12

1.12 ± 0.19

0.965

0.339

1.29 ± 0.17

1.24 ± 0.12

1.169

0.247

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m², \(\overline{x}\) ± s)

90.47 ± 11.70

90.37 ± 9.64

0.112

0.688

92.99 ± 12.51

87.28 ± 10.92

3.280

0.001

Smoking

-1.829

0.067

1.425

0.154

Never (n (%))

148(29.72)

72(37.50)

249(87.99)

45(75.00)

Previous (n (%))

193(38.75)

68(35.42)

19(6.71)

12(20.00)

Current (n (%))

157(31.53)

52(27.08)

15(5.30)

3(5.00)

Alcohol consumption

-0.214

0.830

3.207

0.001

Never (n (%))

108(21.69)

48(25.00)

145(51.24)

18(30.00)

Minimal (n (%))

148(29.72)

52(27.08)

103(36.40)

12(20.00)

Light (n (%))

107(21.48)

40(20.83)

25(8.83)

12(20.00)

Moderate (n (%))

71(14.26)

20(10.42)

7(2.47)

12(20.00)

Excess (n (%))

64(12.85)

32(16.67)

3(1.06)

6(10.00)

Exercise

1.414

0.234

10.353

0.001

Yes (n (%))

94(18.87)

44(22.92)

225(79.51)

24(40.00)

No (n (%))

404(81.13)

148(77.08)

58(20.49)

36(60.00)

Fatty liver disease

4.172

0.041

1.324

0.250

Yes (n (%))

322(64.66)

108(56.25)

243(85.87)

48(80.00)

No (n (%))

176(35.34)

84(43.75)

40(14.13)

12(20.00)

Postmenopausal

4.540

0.033

Yes (n (%))

127(44.88)

36(60.00)

No (n (%))

156(55.12)

24(40.00)