Table 3 Association of major ECG abnormalities and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (N = 504)
Probable IHD (n = 32) | Complete LBBB (n = 2) | LVH (n = 20) | AF (n = 5) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | N = | ||||||||
Male | 270 | 20 | 7.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 18 | 6.7% | 3 | 1.1% |
Female | 234 | 12 | 5.1% | 2 | 0.9% | 2 | 0.9% | 2 | 0.9% |
p value | 0.290 | 0.128 | 0.001 | 0.772 | |||||
Mean age | 62.6 | 64.5 | 66.3 | 69 | |||||
p value | 0.557 | 0.291 | 0.119 | 0.186 | |||||
Smoking | |||||||||
Non-smoker | 366 | 18 | 5.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 3.8% | 3 | 0.8% |
History of smoking | 138 | 14 | 8.7% | 2 | 1.4% | 6 | 4.3% | 2 | 1.4% |
p value | 0.032 | 0.021 | 0.789 | 0.525 | |||||
FG | |||||||||
< 5.6 | 332 | 19 | 5.7% | 1 | 0.3% | 12 | 3.6% | 2 | 0.6% |
5.6 – 6.9 | 172 | 13 | 7.6% | 1 | 0.6% | 8 | 4.7% | 3 | 1.7% |
p value | 0.423 | 0.635 | 0.572 | 0.220 | |||||
Hypercholesterolemia (LDL ≥ 4.1 or on lipid-lowering drug) | |||||||||
Yes | 140 | 14 | 10.0% | 2 | 1.4% | 6 | 4.3% | 2 | 1.4% |
No | 364 | 18 | 4.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 3.8% | 3 | 0.8% |
p value | 0.037 | 0.022 | 0.821 | 0.540 | |||||
eGFR | |||||||||
< 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
30–60 | 45 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 8.9% | 0 | 0.0% |
60–90 | 323 | 22 | 6.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 16 | 5.0% | 5 | 1.5% |
> 90 | 136 | 10 | 7.4% | 2 | 1.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.239 | 0.682 | 0.143 | 0.515 | |||||
Urine albustix | |||||||||
+ | 32 | 2 | 6.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
− | 472 | 30 | 6.4% | 2 | 0.4% | 20 | 4.2% | 5 | 1.1% |
p value | 0.987 | 0.712 | 0.406 | 0.558 | |||||
BMI | |||||||||
≤ 18.5 | 6 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
18.6–22.9 | 78 | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 2.6% | 4 | 5.1% | 2 | 2.6% |
23–24.9 | 131 | 8 | 6.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 4.6% | 0 | 0.0% |
≥ 25 | 289 | 24 | 8.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 10 | 3.5% | 3 | 1.0% |
p value | 0.198 | 0.482 | 0.344 | 0.993 | |||||
10 Yr CV risk | |||||||||
Low (< 10%) | 46 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Medium (10–20%) | 200 | 8 | 4.0% | 1 | 0.5% | 4 | 2.0% | 3 | 1.5% |
High (> 20%) | 258 | 24 | 9.3% | 1 | 0.4% | 16 | 6.2% | 2 | 0.8% |
p value | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.06 | 0.94 | |||||
Duration of HT (year) | |||||||||
Less than 1 | 163 | 12 | 7.4% | 2 | 1.4% | 6 | 3.7% | 1 | 0.7% |
1–5 | 170 | 10 | 5.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 3 | 1.8% | 3 | 1.8% |
6–10 | 82 | 6 | 7.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 3 | 3.7% | 0 | 0.0% |
11–15 | 49 | 2 | 4.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 8.2% | 1 | 2.0% |
16–20 | 20 | 2 | 10.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 10.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
20–25 | 15 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 13.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
More than 25 | 5 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.399 | 0.19 | 0.035 | 0.60 | |||||
Other CVD | |||||||||
None | 466 | 32 | 6.9% | 2 | 0.4% | 18 | 3.9% | 4 | 0.9% |
Stroke/TIA | 36 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 5.6% | 1 | 2.8% |
CKD | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
PVD | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Retinopathy | 2 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.26 | 0.694 | 0.723 | 0.262 | |||||
Mobility | |||||||||
Unaided | 486 | 31 | 6.4% | 2 | 0.4% | 20 | 4.1% | 4 | 0.8% |
Walk with stick | 15 | 3 | 20.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 6.7% |
Wheelchair | 3 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.082 | 0.994 | 0.680 | 0.166 | |||||
Occupation | |||||||||
Full time | 170 | 12 | 7.1% | 1 | 0.6% | 4 | 2.4% | 1 | 0.6% |
Part time | 50 | 1 | 2.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 4.0% | 1 | 2.0% |
Retired | 171 | 11 | 6.4% | 1 | 0.6% | 12 | 8.2% | 3 | 1.8% |
Housewife | 103 | 8 | 7.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Unemployed | 10 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.597 | 0.966 | 0.146 | 0.711 | |||||
Education | |||||||||
No formal education | 35 | 3 | 8.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Primary School | 171 | 14 | 8.2% | 1 | 0.6% | 12 | 7.0% | 2 | 1.2% |
Up to Form 3 | 140 | 7 | 5.0% | 1 | 0.7% | 4 | 2.9% | 1 | 0.7% |
Up to Form 7 | 122 | 6 | 4.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 3.3% | 2 | 1.6% |
Diploma | 19 | 1 | 5.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
University Degree or above | 18 | 1 | 5.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.157 | 0.582 | 0.168 | 0.065 | |||||
Marital Status | |||||||||
Married | 439 | 28 | 6.4% | 1 | 0.2% | 20 | 4.6% | 4 | 0.9% |
Single | 23 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Separated | 1 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Divorced | 25 | 4 | 16.0% | 1 | 4.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Widowed | 16 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 6.3% |
Co-habitat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
p value | 0.527 | 0.069 | 0.544 | 0.285 | |||||
CSSA | |||||||||
Yes | 58 | 7 | 12.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 1.7% | 1 | 1.7% |
No | 446 | 25 | 5.6% | 2 | 0.4% | 19 | 4.3% | 4 | 0.9% |
P value | 0.064 | 0.606 | 0.341 | 0.561 | |||||
Monthly salary (HK$) | |||||||||
Less than 5000 | 245 | 21 | 8.6% | 1 | 0.4% | 10 | 4.1% | 4 | 1.6% |
5001–10,000 | 94 | 3 | 3.2% | 1 | 1.1% | 3 | 3.2% | 1 | 1.1% |
10,001–15,000 | 62 | 4 | 6.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 1.6% | 0 | 0.0% |
15,001–20,000 | 45 | 1 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 4.4% | 0 | 0.0% |
20,001–25,000 | 25 | 1 | 4.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
25,001–30,000 | 11 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 9.1% | 0 | 0.0% |
30,001–35,000 | 9 | 1 | 11.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
35,001–40,000 | 6 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 16.7% | 0 | 0.0% |
40,000 above | 7 | 1 | 14.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 14.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
p value | 0.41 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.12 | |||||
Housing | |||||||||
Private property | 151 | 10 | 6.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 2.6% | 2 | 1.3% |
Home Ownership Scheme | 122 | 7 | 5.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 4.9% | 0 | 0.0% |
Public Housing | 170 | 13 | 7.6% | 2 | 1.2% | 5 | 2.9% | 1 | 0.6% |
Rental | 45 | 2 | 4.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 3 | 6.7% | 0 | 0.0% |
Other | 16 | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 12.5% | 2 | 12.5% |
P value | 0.747 | 0.562 | 0.252 | 0.099 | |||||