Fig. 3

Relative expression of ACTB and B2M genes in LV of healthy and failing human hearts. In the upper panels, the control samples are compared with all of the diseased samples, in the lower panels, the individual pathologies are analyzed separately (HCM—hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, DCM—dilated cardiomyopathy, ICM—ischemic cardiomyopathy, CAD—coronary artery disease). Plots represent the mean ± SEM gene expression ratio of both genes normalized to the indicated RGs. Data were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney test (upper panels) or ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test (lower panels). * indicates p ≤ 0.05, ** indicate p ≤ 0.01, *** indicate p ≤ 0.001, ns indicates non-significant differences between groups