Table 1 Characteristics of participants by gender at baseline (2002–2003), Takashima Study, Japan

Age (years)

58.7

(13.1)

62.1

(12.5)

56.8

(13.0)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.0

(3.0)

23.4

(2.9)

22.8

(3.0)

 < 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

131.5

(21.3)

136.2

(20.7)

128.8

(21.1)

 < 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

78.2

(11.9)

82.1

(11.5)

76.1

(11.6)

 < 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.5

(0.4)

1.4

(0.4)

1.6

(0.4)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.4

(0.9)

5.2

(0.9)

5.5

(0.9)

 < 0.001

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.1

(0.6)

1.3

(0.8)

1.0

(0.5)

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.0

(0.6)

5.1

(0.7)

5.0

(0.6)

 < 0.001

Smoking rate (%)

16.5

38.2

4.4

 < 0.001

Alcohol consumption rate (%)

31.4

53.4

19.1

 < 0.001

Hypertension treatment (%)*

18.9

22.3

17.0

 < 0.001

Diabetes treatment (%) *

4.2

6.5

2.9

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia treatment (%) *

11.5

7.6

13.7

 < 0.001

Employment rate (%)

49.1

57.2

44.5

 < 0.001

Follow-up period (years)

8.0

(1.1)

7.9

(1.3)

8.1

(1.0)

 < 0.001

Amount of physical activity (METs-hr/day)

36.5

(5.7)

35.5

(6.2)

37.0

(5.3)

 < 0.001

Sleep

7.3

(1.2)

7.6

(1.3)

7.2

(1.1)

 < 0.001

Occupation activity

6.4

(8.0)

8.9

(9.3)

5.0

(6.8)

 < 0.001

Transportation*

2.5

(2.8)

2.6

(3.0)

2.4

(2.7)

0.091

Household

6.3

(6.2)

1.1

(2.7)

9.2

(5.8)

 < 0.001

Leisure

2.3

(4.5)

2.6

(5.2)

2.1

(4.1)

0.001

Other

11.6

(4.4)

12.6

(4.5)

11.1

(4.2)

 < 0.001

No. of types of leisure-time and household activities, no. of people (%)

 < 0.001

0 types

377

(10.1)

338

(25.2)

39

(1.6)

1 type

1,321

(35.3)

443

(33.0)

888

(37.0)

2 type

1,161

(31.0)

314

(23.4)

847

(35.3)

3 or more types

882

(23.6)

258

(18.4)

624

(26.1)