Table 1 Participants’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (N = 119)

Age (range: 35–96)

74.98 ± 10.87

74.23 ± 11.75

 < 60

4 (6.8)

7 (11.7)

 60–69

13 (22.0)

9 (15.0)

 70–79

19 (32.2)

21 (35.0)

 ≥ 80

23 (39.0)

23 (38.3)

Spouse*

 Yes

35 (60.3)

40 (66.7)

 No

23 (39.7)

20 (33.3)

Educational level*

  ≤ Middle school

32 (56.1)

33 (55.0)

  ≤ High school

17 (29.8)

14 (23.3)

  ≥ College/university

8 (14.0)

13 (21.7)

Occupation*

 Yes

11 (19.0)

14 (23.3)

 No

47 (81.0)

46 (76.7)

Family history*

 Yes

9 (15.8)

13 (21.7)

 No

48 (84.2)

47 (78.3)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.45 ± 4.29

24.69 ± 3.11

Waist circumference (cm)

88.54 ± 10.10

88.29 ± 10.06

Heart failure duration (y)

7.23 ± 4.87

8.62 ± 5.57

Number of hospitalization

1.28 ± 0.97

1.08 ± 0.88

Treatment*

 Medication

  Yes

57 (98.3)

59 (98.3)

  No

1 (1.7)

1 (1.7)

 Internal Intervention

  Yes

19 (32.8)

12 (20.0)

  No

39 (67.2)

48 (80.0)

 Surgery

  Yes

10 (17.2)

14 (23.3)

  No

48 (82.8)

46 (76.7)

NYHA class*

 I

9 (17.6)

15 (25.4)

 II

23 (45.1)

30 (50.8)

 III

15 (29.4)

8 (13.6)

 IV

4 (7.8)

6 (10.2)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.51 ± 17.77

127.33 ± 14.37

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

68.93 ± 11.84

73.07 ± 13.52

HbA1c (%)

6.64 ± 1.10

6.88 ± 1.10

HDL (mg/dL)

49.47 ± 15.06

46.77 ± 11.95

LDL (mg/dL)

85.76 ± 37.36

85.13 ± 30.38

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

147.00 ± 47.50

150.81 ± 34.25

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

115.86 ± 65.05

133.43 ± 71.18

hs-CRP (mg/dL)

1.15 ± 1.45

2.88 ± 6.02

EF (%)

50.17 ± 19.01

60.92 ± 13.27

E/E’

16.93 ± 8.69

14.03 ± 5.97

Stress (0–100)

50.23 ± 20.45

40.33 ± 21.93

Self-management behaviour (1–5)

3.28 ± 0.60

3.54 ± 0.56