Table 1 Baseline characteristics and univariate analysis
Variables | Total (n = 2037) | All-cause mortality | Statistics | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The survival group (n = 1899) | The death group (n = 138) | ||||
Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 0.005 | 0.941 | |||
Male | 1128 (55.38) | 1052 (55.40) | 76 (55.07) | ||
Female | 909 (44.62) | 847 (44.60) | 62 (44.93) | ||
Age (years), mean ± SD | 72.26 ± 10.40 | 71.71 ± 10.26 | 79.82 ± 9.28 | t = − 9.804 | < 0.001 |
The number of hospitalizations, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) | Z = 1.780 | 0.075 |
Types of AF, n (%) | χ2 = 1.054 | 0.788 | |||
Initial | 27 (1.33) | 25 (1.32) | 2 (1.45) | ||
Paroxysmal | 1115 (54.74) | 1045 (55.03) | 70 (50.72) | ||
Persistent | 490 (24.05) | 455 (23.96) | 35 (25.36) | ||
Permanent | 405 (19.88) | 374 (19.69) | 31 (22.46) | ||
Types of CAD, n (%) | χ2 = 0.442 | 0.802 | |||
Stable | 555 (27.25) | 515 (27.12) | 40 (28.99) | ||
Unstable | 1420 (69.71) | 1327 (69.88) | 93 (67.39) | ||
Acute myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 62 (3.04) | 57 (3.00) | 5 (3.62) | ||
Diabetes, n (%) | χ2 = 1.971 | 0.160 | |||
No | 1490 (73.15) | 1382 (72.78) | 108 (78.26) | ||
Yes | 547 (26.85) | 517 (27.22) | 30 (21.74) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 0.011 | 0.915 | |||
No | 791 (38.83) | 738 (38.86) | 53 (38.41) | ||
Yes | 1246 (61.17) | 1161 (61.14) | 85 (61.59) | ||
Heart failure, n (%) | χ2 = 0.207 | 0.649 | |||
No | 1306 (64.11) | 1220 (64.24) | 86 (62.32) | ||
Yes | 731 (35.89) | 679 (35.76) | 52 (37.68) | ||
Cardiac function, n (%) | χ2 = 7.784 | 0.051 | |||
I | 1081 (53.07) | 1016 (53.50) | 65 (47.10) | ||
II | 497 (24.40) | 468 (24.64) | 29 (21.01) | ||
III | 328 (16.10) | 298 (15.69) | 30 (21.74) | ||
IV | 131 (6.43) | 117 (6.16) | 14 (10.14) | ||
Peripheral vascular diseases, n (%) | χ2 = 1.957 | 0.162 | |||
No | 1834 (90.03) | 1705 (89.78) | 129 (93.48) | ||
Yes | 203 (9.97) | 194 (10.22) | 9 (6.52) | ||
Ischemia stroke, n (%) | χ2 = 7.101 | 0.008 | |||
No | 1496 (73.44) | 1408 (74.14) | 88 (63.77) | ||
Yes | 541 (26.56) | 491 (25.86) | 50 (36.23) | ||
Bleeding history, n (%) | χ2 = 10.768 | 0.001 | |||
No | 1980 (97.20) | 1852 (97.53) | 128 (92.75) | ||
Yes | 57 (2.80) | 47 (2.47) | 10 (7.25) | ||
Peptic ulcer, n (%) | χ2 = 0.439 | 0.508 | |||
No | 1991 (97.74) | 1855 (97.68) | 136 (98.55) | ||
Yes | 46 (2.26) | 44 (2.32) | 2 (1.45) | ||
Drinking history, n (%) | χ2 = 10.744 | 0.001 | |||
No | 297 (14.58) | 290 (15.27) | 7 (5.07) | ||
Yes | 1740 (85.42) | 1609 (84.73) | 131 (94.93) | ||
Smoking history, n (%) | χ2 = 5.966 | 0.015 | |||
No | 433 (21.26) | 415 (21.85) | 18 (13.04) | ||
Yes | 1604 (78.74) | 1484 (78.15) | 120 (86.96) | ||
Cardioversion, n (%) | χ2 = 10.676 | 0.001 | |||
No | 1589 (78.01) | 1466 (77.20) | 123 (89.13) | ||
Yes | 448 (21.99) | 433 (22.80) | 15 (10.87) | ||
PCI, n (%) | χ2 = 5.646 | 0.018 | |||
No | 1912 (93.86) | 1776 (93.52) | 136 (98.55) | ||
Yes | 125 (6.14) | 123 (6.48) | 2 (1.45) | ||
CHA2DS2VASc, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 4.00 (3.00, 5.00) | Z = 3.457 | < 0.001 |
HAS-BLED, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.04 ± 1.14 | 2.02 ± 1.14 | 2.39 ± 1.14 | t = 3.726 | < 0.001 |
In-hospital medication | |||||
Aspirin, n (%) | χ2 = 9.499 | 0.002 | |||
No | 727 (35.69) | 661 (34.81) | 66 (47.83) | ||
Yes | 1310 (64.31) | 1238 (65.19) | 72 (52.17) | ||
Clopidogrel, n (%) | χ2 = 2.924 | 0.087 | |||
No | 1294 (63.52) | 1197 (63.03) | 97 (70.29) | ||
Yes | 743 (36.48) | 702 (36.97) | 41 (29.71) | ||
Ticagrelor, n (%) | χ2 = 0.541 | 0.462 | |||
No | 2019 (99.12) | 1883 (99.16) | 136 (98.55) | ||
Yes | 18 (0.88) | 16 (0.84) | 2 (1.45) | ||
Warfarin, n (%) | χ2 = 6.279 | 0.012 | |||
No | 1432 (70.30) | 1322 (69.62) | 110 (79.71) | ||
Yes | 605 (29.70) | 577 (30.38) | 28 (20.29) | ||
Dabigatran, n (%) | χ2 = 2.138 | 0.144 | |||
No | 2008 (98.58) | 1870 (98.47) | 138 (100.00) | ||
Yes | 29 (1.42) | 29 (1.53) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Rivaroxaban, n (%) | χ2 = 0.022 | 0.883 | |||
No | 2020 (99.17) | 1883 (99.16) | 137 (99.28) | ||
Yes | 17 (0.83) | 16 (0.84) | 1 (0.72) | ||
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | χ2 = 2.820 | 0.093 | |||
No | 1070 (52.53) | 988 (52.03) | 82 (59.42) | ||
Yes | 967 (47.47) | 911 (47.97) | 56 (40.58) | ||
Beta-blockers, n (%) | χ2 = 12.093 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 766 (37.60) | 695 (36.60) | 71 (51.45) | ||
Yes | 1271 (62.40) | 1204 (63.40) | 67 (48.55) | ||
Lipid-lowing treatment, n (%) | χ2 = 17.522 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 424 (20.81) | 376 (19.80) | 48 (34.78) | ||
Yes | 1613 (79.19) | 1523 (80.20) | 90 (65.22) | ||
Diuretic, n (%) | χ2 = 0.673 | 0.412 | |||
No | 969 (47.57) | 908 (47.81) | 61 (44.20) | ||
Yes | 1068 (52.43) | 991 (52.19) | 77 (55.80) | ||
Digoxin, n (%) | χ2 = 0.866 | 0.352 | |||
No | 1372 (67.35) | 1284 (67.61) | 88 (63.77) | ||
Yes | 665 (32.65) | 615 (32.39) | 50 (36.23) | ||
Nitrates, n (%) | χ2 = 1.940 | 0.164 | |||
No | 1020 (50.07) | 943 (49.66) | 77 (55.80) | ||
Yes | 1017 (49.93) | 956 (50.34) | 61 (44.20) | ||
Trimetazidine, n (%) | χ2 = 0.785 | 0.376 | |||
No | 1362 (66.86) | 1265 (66.61) | 97 (70.29) | ||
Yes | 675 (33.14) | 634 (33.39) | 41 (29.71) | ||
Amiodarone, n (%) | χ2 = 2.811 | 0.094 | |||
No | 1646 (80.81) | 1527 (80.41) | 119 (86.23) | ||
Yes | 391 (19.19) | 372 (19.59) | 19 (13.77) | ||
Propafenone, n (%) | χ2 = 0.106 | 0.745 | |||
No | 2000 (98.18) | 1865 (98.21) | 135 (97.83) | ||
Yes | 37 (1.82) | 34 (1.79) | 3 (2.17) | ||
CCB, n (%) | χ2 = 1.867 | 0.172 | |||
No | 1415 (69.46) | 1312 (69.09) | 103 (74.64) | ||
Yes | 622 (30.54) | 587 (30.91) | 35 (25.36) | ||
Thrombolysis, n (%) | - | 1.000 | |||
No | 2029 (99.61) | 1891 (99.58) | 138 (100.00) | ||
Yes | 8 (0.39) | 8 (0.42) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Fondaparinux sodium, n (%) | χ2 = 5.021 | 0.025 | |||
No | 1990 (97.69) | 1859 (97.89) | 131 (94.93) | ||
Yes | 47 (2.31) | 40 (2.11) | 7 (5.07) | ||
Low-molecular-weight heparin, n (%) | χ2 = 10.591 | 0.001 | |||
No | 1502 (73.74) | 1384 (72.88) | 118 (85.51) | ||
Yes | 535 (26.26) | 515 (27.12) | 20 (14.49) | ||
Tirofiban, n (%) | χ2 = 0.461 | 0.497 | |||
No | 2009 (98.63) | 1872 (98.58) | 137 (99.28) | ||
Yes | 28 (1.37) | 27 (1.42) | 1 (0.72) | ||
PPI, n (%) | χ2 = 0.473 | 0.491 | |||
No | 1393 (68.38) | 1295 (68.19) | 98 (71.01) | ||
Yes | 644 (31.62) | 604 (31.81) | 40 (28.99) | ||
In-hospital bleeding, n (%) | - | 0.005 | |||
No | 2026 (99.46) | 1892 (99.63) | 134 (97.10) | ||
Yes | 11 (0.54) | 7 (0.37) | 4 (2.90) | ||
Embolism in-hospital, n (%) | χ2 = 0.837 | 0.360 | |||
No | 2021 (99.21) | 1885 (99.26) | 136 (98.55) | ||
Yes | 16 (0.79) | 14 (0.74) | 2 (1.45) | ||
Out-of-hospital medication | |||||
Aspirin, n (%) | χ2 = 8.295 | 0.004 | |||
No | 926 (45.46) | 847 (44.60) | 79 (57.25) | ||
Yes | 1111 (54.54) | 1052 (55.40) | 59 (42.75) | ||
Clopidogrel, n (%) | χ2 = 6.174 | 0.013 | |||
No | 1516 (74.42) | 1401 (73.78) | 115 (83.33) | ||
Yes | 521 (25.58) | 498 (26.22) | 23 (16.67) | ||
Ticagrelor, n (%) | χ2 = 0.022 | 0.883 | |||
No | 2020 (99.17) | 1883 (99.16) | 137 (99.28) | ||
Yes | 17 (0.83) | 16 (0.84) | 1 (0.72) | ||
Warfarin, n (%) | χ2 = 5.724 | 0.017 | |||
No | 1507 (73.98) | 1393 (73.35) | 114 (82.61) | ||
Yes | 530 (26.02) | 506 (26.65) | 24 (17.39) | ||
Dabigatran, n (%) | χ2 = 1.102 | 0.294 | |||
No | 1978 (97.10) | 1842 (97.00) | 136 (98.55) | ||
Yes | 59 (2.90) | 57 (3.00) | 2 (1.45) | ||
Rivaroxaban, n (%) | χ2 = 0.461 | 0.497 | |||
No | 2009 (98.63) | 1872 (98.58) | 137 (99.28) | ||
Yes | 28 (1.37) | 27 (1.42) | 1 (0.72) | ||
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | χ2 = 4.185 | 0.041 | |||
No | 1174 (57.63) | 1083 (57.03) | 91 (65.94) | ||
Yes | 863 (42.37) | 816 (42.97) | 47 (34.06) | ||
Beta-blockers, n (%) | χ2 = 20.436 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 908 (44.58) | 821 (43.23) | 87 (63.04) | ||
Yes | 1129 (55.42) | 1078 (56.77) | 51 (36.96) | ||
Statins, n (%) | χ2 = 27.907 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 504 (24.74) | 444 (23.38) | 60 (43.48) | ||
Yes | 1533 (75.26) | 1455 (76.62) | 78 (56.52) | ||
Diuretic, n (%) | χ2 = 1.808 | 0.179 | |||
No | 1203 (59.06) | 1129 (59.45) | 74 (53.62) | ||
Yes | 834 (40.94) | 770 (40.55) | 64 (46.38) | ||
Digoxin, n (%) | χ2 = 0.467 | 0.494 | |||
No | 1540 (75.60) | 1439 (75.78) | 101 (73.19) | ||
Yes | 497 (24.40) | 460 (24.22) | 37 (26.81) | ||
Nitrates, n (%) | χ2 = 4.213 | 0.040 | |||
No | 1296 (63.62) | 1197 (63.03) | 99 (71.74) | ||
Yes | 741 (36.38) | 702 (36.97) | 39 (28.26) | ||
Trimetazidine, n (%) | χ2 = 2.726 | 0.099 | |||
No | 1518 (74.52) | 1407 (74.09) | 111 (80.43) | ||
Yes | 519 (25.48) | 492 (25.91) | 27 (19.57) | ||
Amiodarone, n (%) | χ2 = 4.672 | 0.031 | |||
No | 1785 (87.63) | 1656 (87.20) | 129 (93.48) | ||
Yes | 252 (12.37) | 243 (12.80) | 9 (6.52) | ||
Propafenone, n (%) | χ2 = 0.745 | 0.388 | |||
No | 2004 (98.38) | 1867 (98.31) | 137 (99.28) | ||
Yes | 33 (1.62) | 32 (1.69) | 1 (0.72) | ||