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Table 2 Pooled odds ratio or standardized mean difference of risk factors

From: Perioperative risk factors for new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review

Risk factors

No. of study

OR/SMD (95% CI)

Z value

p value

I2% (p)

Egger’s test, p

Preoperative risk factors

Demographics

      

 Age (years)

8

1.10 (0.62–1.59)

4.46

 < 0.001

0.0 (0.811)

0.658

 Male

9

0.92 (0.79–1.08)

− 1.01

0.313

1.9 (0.419)

0.367

 Female

9

1.08 (0.93–1.27)

1.01

0.313

1.9 (0.419)

0.367

 BMI (kg/m2)

3

− 0.03 (− 0.10 to 0.04)

− 0.82

0.412

0.0 (0.956)

0.262

Clinical characteristics

      

 Mg++ (mg/dL)

2

− 0.37 (− 0.84 to 0.10)

− 1.55

0.121

74.9 (0.046)

NA

 Ca++ (mg/dL)

2

− 0.91 (− 0.30 to 0.12)

− 0.86

0.398

0.0 (0.528)

NA

 Serum Cr (mg/dL)

3

0.12 (0.05–0.19)

3.39

0.001

0.0 (0.826)

0.636

 Hemoglobin (mg/dL)

3

− 0.10 (− 0.17 to − 0.03)

− 2.71

0.007

0.0 (0.846)

0.825

 LVEF (%)

6

− 0.43 (− 0.43 to − 0.27)

− 3.43

0.001

71.4 (0.004)

0.553

 Beta-blockers

8

0.89 (0.68–1.17)

− 0.83

0.405

35.9 (0.142)

0.260

 ACEi

3

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

0.62

0.535

0.0 (0.927)

0.375

 ACEi/ARB

2

0.43 (0.12–1.54)

− 1.30

0.195

65.4 (0.089)

NA

 Nitrates

2

1.63 (0.86–3.02)

1.54

0.124

0.0 (0.528)

NA

 Diuretics

2

1.33 (0.69–2.55)

0.86

0.390

0.0 (0.912)

NA

 Statin

2

1.02 (0.57–1.82)

0.05

0.959

0.0 (0.367)

NA

 CCB

4

1.22 (0.92–1.61)

1.37

0.171

19.8 (0.291)

0.310

Comorbidities

      

 MI

5

1.37 (0.96–1.96)

1.71

0.088

39.8 (0.156)

0.326

 Essential hypertension

8

1.33 (1.62–1.52)

4.13

 < 0.001

0.0 (0.581)

0.359

 Diabetes

8

1.23 (0.96–1.56)

1.67

0.095

37.9 (0.127)

0.308

 COPD

5

1.66 (1.13–2.43)

2.59

0.010

0.0 (0.494)

0.759

 Renal failure

3

1.70 (1.14–2.55)

2.60

0.009

0.0 (0.928)

0.766

 Dyslipidemia

4

1.47 (0.78–2.76)

1.20

0.232

82.2 (0.001)

0.225

 Stroke

2

1.08 (0.58–2.00)

0.24

0.813

0.0 (0.708)

NA

 CVD

2

1.60 (0.93–2.75)

1.68

0.628

0.0 (0.428)

NA

Intraoperative risk factors

      

Number of grafts

5

− 0.09 (− 0.29 to 0.11)

− 0.86

0.393

49.3 (0.096)

0.500

Cross-clamp time (min)

4

0.06 (− 0.08 to 0.20)

0.82

0.415

1.1 (0.387)

0.946

Off-pump

2

1.37 (0.67–2.80)

0.87

0.386

56.1 (0.131)

NA

CPB time (min)

3

0.20 (0.04–0.36)

2.39

0.017

12.5 (0.319)

0.422

Postoperative risk factors

      

IV inotrope

2

1.74 (1.50–2.02)

7.37

 < 0.001

0.0 (0.551)

NA

Infection

3

2.45 (0.78–7.66)

1.54

0.123

68.38 (0.042)

0.877

Renal failure

3

3.94 (1.70–9.16)

3.19

0.001

0.0 (0.771)

0.582

Re-operation

2

6.41 (1.75–23.42)

2.81

0.005

0.0 (0.485)

NA

Mechanical ventilation (h)

2

0.26 (− 0.03 to 0.54)

1.78

0.076

0.0 (0.606)

NA

  1. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, Ca++ channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; Cr, creatinine; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; IV, intravenous; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; SMD, standardized mean difference
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