Table 1 Patient characteristics

Demographics

Age, y

71 (56–83)

58 (44–75)

71 (59–82)

81 (71–88)

 < 0.001

Age group, n (%)

 < 0.001

 < 40

132 (7.7)

97 (20.0)

31 (3.5)

4 (1.2)

 40–49

127 (7.4)

64 (13.2)

55 (6.2)

8 (2.3)

 50–59

266 (15.5)

93 (19.2)

149 (16.8)

24 (6.9)

 60–69

303 (17.6)

73 (15.1)

187 (21.1)

43 (12.3)

 70–79

316 (18.4)

56 (11.6)

173 (19.5)

87 (24.9)

 80+

577 (33.5)

101 (20.9)

293 (33.0)

183 (52.4)

Male sex

974 (56.6)

259 (53.5)

522 (58.8)

193 (55.3)

0.146

BMI, kg/m²

26.2 (22.5–31.1)

25.4 (21.8–30.6)

26.9 (23.1–31.8)

25.1 (22.0–29.0)

 < 0.001

BMI category*

 < 0.001

 Underweight

74 (4.3)

23 (4.8)

29 (3.3)

22 (6.3)

 Normal weight

349 (20.3)

103 (21.3)

152 (17.1)

94 (26.9)

 Overweight

291 (16.9)

71 (14.7)

155 (17.5)

65 (18.6)

 Obese

317 (18.4)

83 (17.2)

177 (19.9)

57 (16.3)

 Missing

690 (40.1)

204 (42.2)

375 (42.2)

111 (31.8)

Ethnicity

 < 0.001

 White

845 (49.1)

238 (49.2)

382 (43.0)

225 (64.5)

 Black

434 (25.2)

85 (17.6)

280 (31.5)

69 (19.8)

 Asian

96 (5.6)

29 (6.0)

55 (6.2)

12 (3.4)

 Mixed/other

121 (7.0)

37 (7.6)

64 (7.2)

20 (5.7)

 Missing

225 (13.1)

95 (19.6)

107 (12.1)

23 (6.6)

Comorbidities

Cardiovascular risk factors

 Hypertension

963 (56.0)

–

689 (77.6)

274 (78.5)

0.726

 Diabetes

601 (34.9)

–

440 (49.6)

161 (46.1)

1.000

  Type 1

6 (0.4)

–

5 (0.6)

1 (0.3)

0.305

  Type 2

595 (34.6)

–

435 (49.0)

160 (45.9)

0.320

 Ever smoker

432 (25.1)

–

314 (35.4)

118 (33.8)

0.607

  Current smoker

114 (6.6)

–

85 (9.6)

29 (8.3)

0.490

  Ex-smoker

318 (18.5)

–

229 (25.8)

89 (25.5)

0.917

Cardiovascular diseases

 Previous myocardial infarction

107 (6.2)

–

–

107 (30.7)

–

 Chronic heart failure

133 (7.7)

–

–

133 (38.1)

–

 Previous myocarditis

4 (0.2)

–

–

4 (1.2)

–

 Previous pericarditis

3 (0.2)

–

–

3 (0.9)

–

 Arrhythmia

218 (12.7)

–

–

218 (62.5)

–

  Atrial fibrillation

188 (10.9)

–

–

188 (53.9)

–

 Valvular heart disease**

15 (0.9)

–

–

15 (4.3)

–

 Previous endocarditis

16 (0.9)

–

–

16 (4.6)

–

Non-cardiac comorbidities

 Asthma

148 (8.6)

16 (3.3)

74 (8.3)

58 (16.6)

 < 0.001

 COPD

129 (7.5)

5 (1.0)

53 (6.0)

71 (20.3)

 < 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

165 (9.6)

6 (1.2)

71 (8.0)

88 (25.2)

 < 0.001

 Previous pulmonary embolism

90 (5.2)

8 (1.7)

27 (3.0)

55 (15.8)

 < 0.001

 Previous deep vein thrombosis

110 (6.4)

12 (2.5)

37 (4.2)

61 (17.5)

 < 0.001

Medication

ACEI/ARB

528 (31.4)

29 (6.5)

353 (39.9)

146 (41.8)

 < 0.001

Aldosterone antagonist

66 (3.9)

11 (2.5)

24 (2.7)

31 (8.9)

 < 0.001

Beta-blocker

430 (25.6)

43 (9.6)

197 (22.3)

190 (54.4)

 < 0.001

Calcium-channel blocker

458 (27.3)

26 (5.8)

345 (39.0)

87 (24.9)

 < 0.001

Loop diuretic

245 (14.6)

20 (4.5)

93 (10.5)

132 (37.8)

 < 0.001

Statin

678 (40.3)

64 (14.3)

420 (47.5)

194 (55.6)

 < 0.001

Anticoagulant

325 (19.3)

53 (11.8)

108 (12.2)

164 (47.0)

 < 0.001

Antiplatelet agent

395 (23.5)

47 (10.5)

222 (25.1)

126 (36.1)

 < 0.001

Metformin

299 (17.4)

–

240 (27.0)

59 (16.9)

–

Sulphonylurea

128 (7.4)

–

104 (11.7)

24 (6.9)

–

Repaglinide

–

–

–

–

–

SGLT2 inhibitor

23 (1.3)

–

17 (1.9)

6 (1.7)

–

DPP4 inhibitor

134 (7.8)

–

88 (9.9)

46 (13.2)

–

Thiazolidinedione

4 (0.2)

–

3 (0.3)

1 (0.3)

–

GLP1 receptor agonist

14 (0.8)

–

8 (0.9)

6 (1.7)

–

Insulin

180 (10.5)

–

128 (14.4)

52 (14.9)

–

COVID-19 investigational therapies

Hydroxychloroquine

15 (0.9)

6 (1.2)

7 (0.8)

2 (0.6)

0.553

Dexamethasone/Prednisolone

204 (11.9)

50 (10.3)

103 (11.6)

51 (14.6)

0.159

Remdesivir

2 (0.1)

1 (0.2)

–

1 (0.3)

–

Colchicine

16 (0.9)

2 (0.4)

7 (0.8)

7 (2.0)

0.049

Tocilizumab

2 (0.1)

–

–

2 (0.6)

–

Azithromycin

26 (1.5)

13 (2.7)

8 (0.9)

5 (1.4)

0.035