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Table 2 Cardiovascular risk factors across tertiles of the sex-specific energy-adjusted DPI in patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 81)

From: Dietary phytochemical index associated with cardiovascular risk factor in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Variable

DPI tertiles

P value

P trendc

T1 (n = 29)

T2 (n = 25)

T3 (n = 27)

BMI (kg/m²)a

     

Model 1

23.4 ± 3.2

23.5 ± 3.5

23.5 ± 3.1

0.983

0.857

Model 2

23.4 ± 3.2

23.5 ± 3.2

23.4 ± 3.2

0.945

0.983

Waist circumference (cm)a

     

Model 1

86.0 ± 10.2

84.8 ± 10.3

85.7 ± 9.8

0.725

0.828

Model 2

86.0 ± 6.5

84.7 ± 6.5

85.8 ± 6.5

0.422

0.848

Systolic blood pressure (mmhg)a

     

Model 1

117.3 ± 12.6

110.9 ± 11.5

108.8 ± 14.0

0.308

0.135

Model 2

111.8 ± 11.3

110.8 ± 11.3

109.0 ± 11.4

0.301

0.126

Model 3b

112.6 ± 12.6

110.7 ± 11.2

108.4 ± 12.4

0.144

0.041

Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg)a

     

Model 1

73.1 ± 6.0

74.0 ± 6.3

73.5 ± 6.7

0.611

0.626

Model 2

73.1 ± 6.5

73.9 ± 6.5

73.6 ± 6.5

0.735

0.633

Model 3b

74.0 ± 7.1

73.8 ± 6.3

72.9 ± 7.0

0.585

0.364

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

     

Model 1

175.1 ± 5.9

163.3 ± 5.5

143.0 ± 5.7

0.225

0.112

Model 2

168.7 ± 5.5

167.9 ± 5.5

145.2 ± 5.7

0.421

0.238

HbA1ca

     

Model 1

7.0 ± 0.8

7.0 ± 0.8

7.0 ± 0.8

0.839

0.571

Model 2

7.0 ± 0.8

7.0 ± 0.8

7.0 ± 0.8

0.966

0.876

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

     

Model 1

171.7 ± 26.8

167.7 ± 37.0

169.8 ± 30.1

0.898

0.819

Model 2

170.1 ± 32.6

171.1 ± 33.4

168.3 ± 32.6

0.941

0.927

Model 3

174.0 ± 30.3

172.2 ± 31.1

163.1 ± 31.4

0.456

0.266

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

     

Model 1

81.5 ± 1.6

63.5 ± 1.5

78.5 ± 1.4

0.075

0.703

Model 2

79.8 ± 5.8

61.9 ± 5.4

82.0 ± 5.6

0.038

0.856

Model 3

82.4 ± 5.8

63.5 ± 5.4

77.4 ± 5.7

0.079

0.487

HDL-C (mg/dL)

     

Model 1

51.8 ± 9.8

55.1 ± 9.3

53.8 ± 9.4

0.429

0.425

Model 2

50.9 ± 9.4

55.5 ± 9.6

54.4 ± 9.3

0.223

0.232

Model 3

51.8 ± 9.9

55.9 ± 10.2

53.1 ± 10.3

0.203

0.551

LDL-C (mg/dL)

     

Model 1

101.9 ± 5.7

92.3 ± 5.3

94.1 ± 5.5

0.344

0.327

Model 2

101.9 ± 5.7

95.9 ± 5.3

91.0 ± 5.5

0.329

0.134

Model 3

104.5 ± 5.7

95.1 ± 5.3

89.1 ± 5.5

0.130

0.033

LDL-C/HDL-C

     

Model 1

2.1 ± 0.7

1.8 ± 0.7

1.8 ± 0.5

0.157

0.124

Model 2

2.1 ± 0.6

1.9 ± 0.6

1.7 ± 0.6

0.085

0.027

Model 3

2.1 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.6

0.137

0.029

Superoxide dismutase activity (IU/mL)

     

Model 1

35.2 ± 1.2

34.5 ± 1.1

34.6 ± 1.1

0.871

0.671

Model 2

35.4 ± 5.4

34.2 ± 5.3

34.5 ± 5.3

0.556

0.419

Glutathione peroxidase activity (IU/mL)

     

Model 1

144.7 ± 3.4

125.2 ± 3.5

135.2 ± 3.4

0.911

0.835

Model 2

142.6 ± 6.7

126.2 ± 6.6

136.1 ± 6.5

0.906

0.902

Total antioxidant capacity (mmol/L)

     

Model 1

362.5 ± 62.0

376.8 ± 65.9

379.9 ± 47.4

0.510

0.274

Model 2

357.6 ± 57.0

380.5 ± 59.1

381.5 ± 57.4

0.246

0.132

  1. Data are shown as mean ± SD
  2. Model 1 = crude, analysis of variance test was used. Model 2 = adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake (kcal/day), physical activity (MET/min/week), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes duration (year), total daily insulin dose (unit/day), education and dietary supplement intake. Model 3 = adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake (kcal/day), physical activity (MET/min/week), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes duration (year), total daily insulin dose (unit/day), education, dietary supplement intake, saturated fatty acid (g/day), mono-unsaturated fatty acid (g/day), poly-unsaturated fatty acid (g/day) and trans fatty acid (g/day), analysis of covariance test was used
  3. DPI dietary phytochemical index, BMI body mass index, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MET metabolic equivalent
  4. aT1 = 87, T2 = 87, T3 = 87. bAdjusted for age, sex, total energy intake (kcal/day), physical activity (MET/min/week), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes duration (year), total daily insulin dose, education, dietary supplement intake, dietary intake of sodium (mg) and potassium (mg). cP trend calculated by linear regression
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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