Dietary phytochemical index associated with cardiovascular risk factor in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Characteristics of participants across tertiles of the sex-specific energy‑adjusted DPI in patients with type 1 diabetes

Variables	DPI tertiles				P trend
Variables	T1 (n = 87)	T2 (n = 87)	T3 (n = 87)	Total (n = 261)	P trend
Gender
Men	33 (33.3)	33 (33.3)	33 (33.3)	99	1.000^a
Women	54 (33.3)	54 (33.3)	54 (33.3)	162	1.000^a
Age (yrs)	24.3 ± 5.1	24.7 ± 5.4	26.0 ± 5.4	25.0 ± 5.4	0.022^b
Weight (kg)	66.3 ± 12.3	65.9 ± 11.8	65.5 ± 11.6	65.9 ± 11.8	0.638^b
Waist circumference (cm)	86.0 ± 10.2	84.8 ± 10.3	85.7 ± 9.8	85.5 ± 10.1	0.828^b
BMI (kg/m²)	23.4 ± 3.2	23.5 ± 3.5	23.5 ± 3.1	23.4 ± 3.3	0.857^b
Diabetes duration (yrs)	11.2 ± 6.0	12.6 ± 6.6	12.6 ± 6.7	12.1 ± 6.4	0.168^b
Insulin dose (unit/day)	48.5 ± 15.4	48.8 ± 16.7	47.0 ± 20.5	48.1 ± 17.6	0.590^b
Short-acting insulin intake
Aspart	18 (34.3)	20 (32.8)	19 (32.8)	57	0.908^a
Regular/mix	69 (31.6)	66 (35.1)	66 (33.3)	201	0.908^a
Long-acting insulin intake
Glargine/Detemir	18 (31.0)	21 (36.2)	19 (32.8)	58	0.814^a
NPH/mix	68 (34.8)	63 (32.4)	66 (32.8)	197	0.814^a
Dietary supplement intake
Yes	31 (34.8)	32 (36.0)	26 (29.2)	89	0.564^a
No	56 (32.7)	54 (31.6)	61 (35.7)	171
Education
Diploma and lower	27 (39.7)	22 (32.4)	19 (27.9)	68	0.382^a
Academic	60(31.3)	64 (33.3)	68 (35.4)	192	0.382^a
Physical activity (MET-hour/week)	26.2 ± 27.5	23.8 ± 26.5	27.3 ± 31.2	25.8 ± 28.4	0.804^b
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2287.1 ± 632.9	2476.6 ± 680.3	2368.7 ± 732.4	2377.5 ± 684.9	0.433^b
Dietary phytochemical index	23.6 ± 5.0	34.3 ± 3.2	45.8 ± 6.6	34.6 ± 10.4	< 0.001

Data are shown as the mean ± SD or number (%)
DPI dietary phytochemical index, BMI body mass index, NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn, no description, MET metabolic equivalent
^aP value is for χ² test, used for categorical data
^bP trend is for analysis of variance test, used to compare continuous variables, calculated by linear regression test

ISSN: 1471-2261