Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all participants

Backgrounds

Age (years old)

66.4 ± 10.0

65.7 ± 10.5

0.794

Male gender (%)

26 (74.3)

15 (75.0)

0.954

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.2 ± 4.4

24.5 ± 4.5

0.755

NYHA class

3.1 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8

0.208

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

122.8 ± 16.1

121.8 ± 19.0

0.828

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77.6 ± 8.6

74.7 ± 6.4

0.195

Heart rate (bpm)

79.2 ± 10.4

80.9 ± 11.1

0.583

Hypertension (%)

29 (82.9)

16 (80.0)

0.796

Dyslipidemia (%)

29 (82.9)

15 (75.0)

0.493

T2DM duration (months)

48 (24–103)

44 (31–47)

0.895

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

14.1 ± 2.4

13.4 ± 3.2

0.381

HbA1c (%)

8.2 ± 1.5

7.9 ± 0.7

0.339

Sodium (mEq/l)

139.1 ± 3.2

139.8 ± 2.0

0.375

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

73.7 (64.7–77.8)

70.2 (57.9–77.9)

0.489

BNP (pg/ml)

498 (304–709)

525 (314–811)

0.766

UCG characteristics

LAD (mm)

44 (39–46)

44 (40–45)

0.916

LVDd (mm)

51 (48–54)

50 (48–55)

0.435

LVEF (%)

51.8 ± 10.5

52.5 ± 10.7

0.827

LVGLS (absolute value) (%)

7.2 ± 2.8

7.6 ± 3.0

0.642

E/e′

12.9 ± 5.0

12.9 ± 5.1

0.962

CMR characteristics

LVEDV index (ml/m²)

61.5 ± 17.1

60.5 ± 19.7

0.836

LVM index (g/m²)

49.6 ± 11.7

51.6 ± 14.3

0.570

Medications

β blocker (%)

18 (51.4)

11 (55.0)

0.803

ACEi (%)

4 (11.4)

4 (20.0)

0.395

ARB (%)

26 (74.3)

14 (70.0)

0.737

ARNI (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

Loop diuretics (%)

28 (80.0)

18 (90.0)

0.479

MRA (%)

5 (14.3)

4 (20.0)

0.590

Tolvaptan (%)

0 (0.0)

2 (10.0)

0.163

SGLT2i (%)

35 (100)

0 (0.0)

–

Metformin (%)

12 (34.3)

4 (20.0)

0.250

DPP4i (%)

28 (80.0)

17 (85.0)

0.493

GLP-1 agonist (%)

2 (5.7)

0 (0.0)

0.160

Thiazolidine (%)

2 (5.7)

0 (0.0)

0.160

Sulfonylurea (%)

2 (5.7)

1 (5.0)

0.913

Grinide (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

α-GI (%)

6 (17.1)

4 (20.0)

0.796