Table 4 Risk of bias assessment in randomized controlled trials
Author (year) | Sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessors | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias | Overall quality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective outcomes | Objective outcomes | ||||||||
Bakalar et al. 2006 [26] | Low risk | Unclear risk | High risk | High risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Poor quality |
Mansour et al. 2015 [29] | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | High risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Poor quality |
Dock-Nascimento et al. 2012 [3] | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Fair quality |
Cui et al. 2013 [27] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Good quality |
Singh et al. 2015 [23] | Low risk | Unclear risk | High risk | High risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Fair quality |
Letellier et al. 2013 [25] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Good quality |
Laviano et al. 2014 [24] | Low risk | Unclear risk | High risk | High risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Poor quality |
Hissa et al. 2011 [28] | Low risk | Unclear risk | High risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Poor quality |
Engel et al. 2009 [31] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Fair quality |
Ockenga et al. 2002 [33] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Good quality |
Cavalcante et al. 2012 [32] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Poor quality |
Lomivorotov et al. 2012 [30] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Good quality |