Aerobic exercise, but not isometric handgrip exercise, improves endothelial function and arterial stiffness in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing coronary intervention: a randomized pilot study

Table 1 Participants’ demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and laboratory results

	AE (n = 10)	IE (n = 10)	p value
Age (years)	58.6 ± 9.0	56.0 ± 9.8	0.543
Gender			0.531
Female (n)	1	2
Male (n)	9	8
Ethnicity			0.136
White (n)	8	10
Black (n)	2	0
Education			0.448
Elementary incomplete (n)	2	3
Elementary complete (n)	1	0
High school incomplete (n)	0	2
High school complete (n)	5	3
College complete (n)	2	2
Hypertension prior to acute MI			0.329
Yes (n)	8	6
No (n)	2	4
Physical activity level			0.361
Low (n)	5	7
Moderate or high (n)	5	3
Family history of CAD			0.531
Yes (n)	9	8
No (n)	1	2
Diabetes mellitus			0.329
Yes (n)	4	2
No (n)	6	8
Excessive alcohol use*			0.051
Yes (n)	5	1
No (n)	5	9
Smoking			0.178
Yes (n)	7	4
No (n)	3	6
Anthropometric measurements and laboratory values (mean ± SD)
Total body weight (kg)	79.1 ± 8.1	79.4 ± 17.5	0.961
BMI (kg/m²)	28.6 ± 1.9	28.3 ± 5.0	0.855
Waist circumference (cm)	95.3 ± 3.4	94.5 ± 9.3	0.802
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	165.0 ± 44.9	177.0 ± 42.6	0.548
HDLc (mg/dL)	45.0 ± 11.4	47.0 ± 15.4	0.745
LDLc (mg/dL)	91.6 ± 38.6	97.8 ± 39.4	0.726
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	143.1 ± 52.1	220.0 ± 158.7	0.174
Fast glucose (mg/dL)	115.9 ± 39.1	108.0 ± 15.1	0.584
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.95 ± 0.14	0.96 ± 0.24	0.895
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.6 ± 1.6	6.0 ± 2.0	0.594
TSH (mIU/L)	3.1 ± 1.1	2.3 ± 1.4	0.195
Ultrasensitive PCR (mg/dL)	0.42 ± 0.49	0.33 ± 0.37	0.626

AE, aerobic exercise session; IE, isometric exercise session; BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; HDLc, high-density cholesterol; LDLc, low-density cholesterol; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; PCR, C-reactive protein. Student's t-test for independent samples or the chi-square test were used when applicable; p < 0.05. *Heavy consumption was defined as > 15 (males) and 10 (females) drinks/week (one drink contains 15 g of alcohol and is equivalent to 350 mL of beer, 150 mL of wine or 40 mL of spirits)

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