Fig. 3

Multipolar mapping of the PPM with the linear duodecapolar catheter in patient 5. a, b A 3-dimensional ventricular activation map during clinical PVCs guided by the linear duodecapolar catheter showed ventricular excitation sites in the PPM of the left ventricle. The red dot indicated the site where the earliest ventricular excitation potential was recorded during PVCs. The yellow dots on the proximal duodecapolar catheter indicated the His-bundle site. c Intracardiac electrogram recorded with a duodecapolar catheter during the PVCs (left panel) showed the earliest local ventricular potential preceding the QRS onset by 42 ms located at DD 9–10 (asterisk), and they conducted upward and downward along the linear catheter, respectively. During the sinus beat (right panel), the proximal DD 19–20 and DD 18–19 (red arrow) recorded his bundle potentials. d Pacing from a site with earliest ventricular activation seen on DD 9–10 demonstrated a good pace map match. E. We delivered radiofrequency energy to the target site of the red dot with 38 ms pre-QRS and terminated PVCs. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1 and 2