Table 1 Characteristic of included studies
Author (Year) | Country | Setting | Type of population | Previous HT | Taking anti-HT drug | Mean age (year) | %Male | CBPM; HBPM cut-off (mmHg) | No. of CBPM measurements per visit / No. of visit (interval) | No. of HBPM measurements per day/ No. of day | Time measuring ABPM | ABPM cut-off (mmHg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies with complete 2 × 2 diagnostic results of CBPM only | ||||||||||||
Brueren M. 1995 [19] | Netherlands | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No | 47 | 51.13 | 95(DBP) | 1/3 | – | Daytime (6 – 22.00) | 91(DBP) |
Botomino A. 2004 [20] | Switzerland | Community | General population | Mixed | Unspecified | 53.7 | 42 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime (6 – 18.00) | 135/85 |
Ungar A 2004 [21] | Italy | Health care | General population | Mixed | No | 60 | 48.8 | 140/90 | 2/2 (1 day) | – | Daytime (7 – 22.00) | 135/85 |
Ohkubo T. 2005 [22] | Japan | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 61 | 40 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Fagard R 2007 [23] | EU-countries | Community | General population | Mixed | No | 39 | 46.1 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | Daytime (8 – 22.00) | 135/85 |
Wang G 2007 [24] | China | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | (18 – 86) | 54.3 | 140/90 | 5/1 | – | Daytime (8 – 18.00) | 135/85 |
Trudel X 2009 [25] | Canada | Community | White-collar workers | Non-HT | No | 44 | 38.8 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Ishikawa J. 2010 [26] | Japan | Community | General population | Mixed | No | 59.9 | 52.7 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Maseko M 2011 [27] | South Africa | Community | General population | Mixed | Unspecified | 43.9 | 35.6 | 140/90 | 5/1 | – | Daytime (9 – 19.00) | 140/85 |
Afsar B. 2013 [28] | Turkey | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | Unspecified | 57.46 | 67 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime (7 – 23.00) | 135/85 |
Berge H 2013 [40] | Norway | Community | Male professional football players | Mixed | No medication | 28.1 | – | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime (7 – 22.00) | 135/85 |
Alwan H. 2014 [29] | Germany | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 48 | 49 | 140/90 | 5/1 | – | Daytime (7 – 22.00) | 135/85 |
Conen D. 2014 [9] | Europe, South America and Asia | Community | General population | Mixed | No | 45.74 | 48.48 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime Europe/America:10–20.00 Asian:8–18.00 | 135/85 |
24-h | 130/80 | |||||||||||
Al-Hashimi K 2015 [30] | Oman | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | Mixed | 46.15 | – | 140/90 | 1/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Rhee M 2015 [11] | Korea | Community | General population | Mixed | Unspecified | 46.7 | 35.9 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Mutlu S. 2016 [31] | Turkey | Health care | General in-patient | Mixed | Mixed | 44.4 | 54.4 | 140/90 | 1/1 | – | 24-h | 125 –130/80 |
Scuteri A. 2016 [32] | Italy | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 48.93 | 39.88 | 140/90 | NR | – | 24-h | 125/79 |
Melgarejo J 2017 [33] | Europe and Asia | Community | General population | Mixed | No | – | – | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Fujita H. 2018 [34] | Japan | Community | General population | Non-HT | No | – | 51.5 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | Daytime (8 – 20.00) | 135/85 |
Erdogmus S. 2018 [61] | Turkey | Health care | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 55 | 42.3 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Sheppard J.P. 2018 [65] | U.K | Health care | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 52.8 | 46.2 | NR | 1/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Bhattarai M. 2019 [58] | Nepal | Health care | General population | Non-HT | Mixed | 43.82 | 55 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Cai P. 2019 [59] | China | Health care | General population | Non-HT | No | 61.8 | 48.5 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Kaul U. 2019 [62] | India | Health care | General population | Mixed | Mixed | NA | NA | 140/90 | 1/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Michaud A. 2019 [63] | Canada | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | Unspecified | 51.9 | 54 | 140/90 | 1/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Trudel X. 2020 [66] | Canada | Community | Worker | Mixed | Mixed | 44.6 | 40.2 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | Daytime (8–16.00) | 135/85 |
Calvo-Vargus C. 2003 [60] | Mexico | Health care | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 54.7 | 82.2 | 140/90 | 3/2 (14 days) | – | Daytime (6–22.0) | 135/85 |
Studies with complete 2 × 2 diagnostic results of HBPM only | ||||||||||||
Almeida A. 2012 [67] | Brazil | Health care | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 50.6 | – | 135/85 | – | 12/5 | 24-h | 130/80 |
Daytime | 135/85 | |||||||||||
Park J. 2017 [68] | Korea | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | Unspecified | 51.8 | 46.5 | 135/85 | – | 3/6 | 24-h | 130/80 |
de Almeida, 2014 [69] | Brazil | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | Mixed | 50.6 | 46.8 | 135/85 | – | 12/3 | Daytime | 135/85 |
Rhee M.Y., 2018 [70] | South Korea | Health care | General population | Non-HT | No | 52.2 | 47.1 | 135/85 | – | 3/7 | 24-h | 130/80 |
Studies with complete 2 × 2 diagnostic results of both CBPM and HBPM | ||||||||||||
Stergiou G 2000 [73] | Greece | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | No | 48.4 | 54.9 | 140/90; 140/90 | 3/5 (14 – 21 days) | 2/6 | Daytime | 140/90 |
Hanninen M 2010 [72] | Finland | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 49.1 | 47.9 | 140/90; 135/85 | 2/4 (21 days) | 2/7 | Daytime (6 – 23.00) | 140/85 |
Zhang L 2015 [71] | Belgium | Health care | General population | Mixed | No medication or wash out period > 2 weeks | 50.6 | 51.1 | 140 (SBP); 135/85 | 3/3 (7 days) | 6/7 | 24-h | 130/80 |
Ntineri A. 2019 [74] | Greece, U.K., Finland | Health care | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 53.8 | 52.6 | 140/90: 135/85 | 3/3 (10–21 days) | 2/7 | 24-h | 130/80 |
Studies with positive CBPM studies only | ||||||||||||
Hoegholm A. 1999 [35] | Denmark | Community | General population | Mixed | No medication or wash out period > 5 weeks | 47.7 | 46.9 | 140/90 | 3/3 (7 days) | – | Daytime (7 – 23.00) | 135/85 |
Martinez M 1999 [36] | Spain | Health care | General population | Non-HT | No medication or wash out period > 3 weeks | 52 | 47.8 | 140/90 | 2/3 (7–14 days) | – | Daytime (10 – 20.00) | 135/85 |
Gan S 2003 [37] | Singapore | Community | Male military conscripts | Mixed | Unspecified | 20 | 100 | 140/90 | 2/2 (14 days) | – | 24-h | 135/85 |
Tunckale A. 2004 [38] | Turkey | Health care | General patient | Non-HT | No medication or wash out period > 4 weeks | – | – | 140/90 | 1/3 | – | Daytime (6 – 24.00) | 135/85 |
Shimbo D. 2009 [39] | U.S.A | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | No medication | 52.5 | 46 | 140/90 | 3/2 (30 days) | – | Daytime (6 – 22.00) | 135/85 |
Pengkeaw P. 2014 [41] | Thailand | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | No medication or wash out period > 4 weeks | 42.29 | 74.2 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Mancia G.2015 [42] | Italy | Community | General population | Unspecified | – | – | 140/90 | 3/2 | – | 24-h | 130/80 | |
Studies with negative CBPM only | ||||||||||||
Schoenthaler A 2010 [43] | U.S. (African or Latino) | Community | General population | Mixed | No medication | 35.9 | 39 | 140/90 | 3/3 (14 days) | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Viera A 2010 [44] | U.S | Community | General population | Non-HT | No medication | 49 | 44 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | Daytime (6- 23.00) | 135/85 |
24-h | 130/80 | |||||||||||
Bacaksiz A. 2013 [45] | Turkey | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No medication | 35.8 | 51.1 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime (9–21.00) | 135/85 |
Sobrino J. 2013 [46] | Spain | Community | General population | Non-HT | No medication | 43.1 | 44.7 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Daytime | 135/85 | |||||||||||
Franklin S 2013 [47] | Europe Japan | Community | General population | Non-HT | Mixed | – | – | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Larsen T 2014 [48] | America | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No medication | 49.8 | 47 | 140/90 | 1/3 | – | 24-h | 135/85 |
Viera A 2015 [49] | America | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No medication | 47 | 39 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Trachsel L 2015 [50] | Switzerland | Community | General population | Non-HT | No medication | 42.8 | – | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Redmond N. 2016 [51] | America, | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 59.1 | 30.7 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime (10 – 20.00) | 135/85 |
Viera A 2016 [52] | America | Health care | General population | Non-HT | No medication | 48 | 40 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 |
Piantanida. E 2016 [53] | Italy | Health care | General population | Non-HT | No medication | 46.3 | – | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Booth III J 2017 [54] | America | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No medication | – | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime | 135/85 | |
Anstey D 2017 [55] | America, | Community | General population | Mixed | Mixed | 56 | 35.7 | 140/90 | 2/1 | – | Daytime (10–20.00) | 135/85 |
Ozkan S. 2018 [56] | Turkey | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No medication | 58.8 | 25.1 | 140/90 | NR | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Gun T. 2018 [57] | Turkey | Health care | Outpatient | Non-HT | No medication | 55 | 46.5 | 140/90 | 1/1 | – | 24-h | 130/80 |
Salazar M. R., 2019 [64] | Argentina | Health care | Outpatient | Mixed | Mixed | 51.4 | 40.7 | 140/90 | 3/1 | – | 24-h | Day:135/85 Night:120/70 |