Table 2 Echocardiographic characteristics of participants according to smoking exposure

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

70.4 (64.7– 72.2)

67.3 (62.6–70.9)

65.3 (62.5–69.3)*

Interventricular septum thickness (mm)

9.2 ± 1.2

9.1 ± 1.0

9.4 ± 1.2

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)

41.0 (37.1–44.2)

45.1 (41.9–47.7)*

44.5 (41.5–47.6)*

Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)

24.6 (22.3–25.8)

26.7 (25.1–30.0)*

28.1 (25.6–30.4)*

Posterior left ventricular wall thickness (mm)

9.3 (8.5–10.1)

9.5 (8.8–10.0)

9.7 (8.8–10.2)

Left atrial diameter (mm)

33.8 ± 4.9

34.4 ± 4.8

34.0 ± 5.4

Left atrial volume index (ml/m²)

32.0 (25.5– 39.6)

28.7 (24.1–35.4)

27.8 (24.7–33.3)

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (ml/m²)

39.4 (34.0–50.7)

48.6 (41.1–55.7)*

46.1 (38.7–53.9)*

Left ventricular end-systolic volume index (ml/m²)

12.2 (10.1–14.8)

14.9 (13.3–19.3)*

16.1 (13.1–18.9)*

Left ventricular mass index (g/m²)

80.0 (67.7–92.3)

82.9 (70.6–90.7)

82.9 (71.7–94.9)

E wave velocity (cm/s)

62.3 ± 16.0

61.8 ± 11.9

61.0 ± 15.7

E wave deceleration time (ms)

204 (180–232)

192 (168–243)

197 (162–259)

A wave velocity (cm/s)

85.5 (71.0–100)

73.4 (61.9–84.1)*

75.8 (61.5–88.7)*

E/A

0.70 (0.60–0.80)

0.85 (0.70–1.00)*

0.80 (0.60–1.00)*

e′ velocity (cm/s)

7.2 (6.0–8.3)

8.4 (6.6–10.6)*

8.0 (6.7–9.8)

a′ velocity (cm/s)

9.4 (8.0–11.0)

9.9 (8.1–11.4)

9.4 (8.2–11.5)

E/e′ (lateral)

7.6 (6.2–11.0)

7.6 (6.6–8.9)

7.6 (5.8–8.9)

Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (%)

− 20.6 ± 1.6

− 20.3 ± 1.3

− 20.2 ± 1.8

Right atrial area index (cm/m²)

8.8 (7.6–10.3)

8.2 (7.4–9.1)

8.4 (7.1–10.3)

Right ventricular end-diastolic area index (cm²/m²)

8.0 (7.1–9.6)

8.8 (7.2–9.8)

8.9 (7.6–10.4)

Right ventricular end-systolic area index (cm²/m²)

4.0 (3.7–4.9)

4.8 (4.0–6.0)*

4.9 (4.1–5.9)*

Right ventricular fractional area change (%)

48.4 (42.4–54.5)

46.0 (40.7–50.5)

45.7 (40.9–49.2)

Tricuspid valve annular diameter (cm)

26.8 ± 4.7

28.4 ± 4.5

30.0 ± 4.4*

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (mm)

20.6 ± 4.5

20.6 ± 3.2

21.4 ± 3.9

s't velocity (cm/s)

11.2 (10.3–13.3)

11.5 (10.2–12.9)

11.9 (10.7–13.3)

e't velocity (cm/s)

7.8 (6.3–9.4)

8.3 (7.3–10.6)

8.2 (6.9–9.6)

e't/a't

0.55 (0.43–0.64)

0.68 (0.54–0.85)*

0.63 (0.49–0.76)*

Right ventricular global longitudinal strain (%)

− 21.2 ± 2.8

− 20.9 ± 2.1

− 21.1 ± 2.8

Inferior vena cava (mm)

12.8 (10.9–14.3)

14.5 (12.5–15.6)*

13.6 (12.0–15.7)