Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study (first author and year) | Region | Setting | Design | Study Characteristics: Groups, Sample Size (%Male), Age | Heart Failure Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Six Minutes Walking Test (6MWT) | |||||
Brenyo et al. [45], 2012. | United States, Canada, and Europe | Clinical Care Setting (110 Secondary Care Centres) | Retrospective | High Performance. > 350 m: n = 1021 (82%). 62.5 ± 10.5 years. Low Performance. ≤ 350 m: n = 744 (66.4%). 66.8 ± 10.7 years. | HFrEF LVEF < 30% (29 ± 3%) |
Ferreira et al. [46], 2019 | 11 European Countries | Clinical Care Setting (69 Secondary Care Centres) | Prospective | High Performance. > 360 m: n = 537 (86.6%). 62 ± 11.0 years. Middle Performance. 241-360 m: n = 586 (77.3%). 67 ± 12.0 years. Low Performance. ≤ 240 m: n = 591 (63%). 73 ± 10.0 years. | HFrEF LVEF = 30% (25–38%) |
Wegrzynowska-Teodorczyk et al. [47], 2013. | Poland | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 243 (100%). 60 ± 11.0 years. High Performance. > 468 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 468 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 45% (29 ± 8%) |
Bittner et al. [48], 1993. | United States, Canada, and Belgium | Clinical Care Setting (20 Tertiary Care Hospitals) | Prospective | All: n = 898 (78%). 59 ± 12.0 years. High Performance. ≥ 450: n = 201. NS. Middle Performance. 375–450: n = 215. NS. Low Performance. 300–375: n = 241. NS. Very Low Performance. < 300: n = 176. NS. | Congestive HFrEF LVEF ≤ 45% |
Arslan et al. [49], 2007. | Turkey | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 43 (86%). 62 ± 10.0 years. High Performance. > 300 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 40% (0.35 ± 0.06%) |
Lee et al. [50], 2006. | Singapore (Asian) | Clinical Care Setting (Primary and Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 668 (67.4%). 66.1 ± 12.3 years. High Performance. > 370 m: n = 87. NS. Middle Performance. 311-370 m: n = 84. NS. Low Performance. 231-310 m: n = 87. NS. Very Low Performance. 75-230 m: n = 128. NS. | HFrEF LVEF < 40% |
Curtis et al. [51], 2004. | United States and Canada | Clinical Care Setting (39 Secondary Care Centres) | Prospective | High Performance. > 400 m: n = 131 (91.6%). 60.0 ± 11.0 years. Middle Performance. 301-400 m: n = 210 (76.7%). 63.4 ± 10.8 years. Low Performance. 201-300 m: n = 118 (61.9%). 66.8 ± 10.4 years. Very Low Performance. ≤ 200 m: n = 82 (54.9%). 70.9 ± 12.8 years | HFrEF and HFpEF LVEF < 45% (HFrEF) LVEF > 45% (HFpEF) |
Ingle et al. [52], 2014. | United Kingdom | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 1667 (75%). 72 (65–77) years. High Performance. > 360 m: n = NS. 64.9 ± 10.6 years. Middle Performance. 241-360 m: n = NS. 71.3 ± 8.8 years. Low Performance. 46-240 m: n = NS. 72.9 ± 9.6 years. Very Low Performance. ≤ 45 m: n = NS. 72.4 ± 10.6 years. | HFrEF LVEF < 45% |
Alahdab et al. [53], 2009. | USA | Clinical Care Setting (Tertiary Care Hospital) | Prospective | High Performance. > 200 m: n = 103 (75.7%). 50.4 ± 12.2 years. Low Performance. ≤ 200 m: n = 95 (49.5%). 59.4 ± 12.2 years. | Acute Decompensated HFrEF and HFpEF LVEF ≤ 40% (HFrEF) LVEF > 40% (HFpEF) |
Mangla et al. [54], 2013. | USA | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 900 (53%). 63.6 years. High Performance. > 189 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 189 m. NS. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF ≤ 40% (HFrEF) LVEF > 40% (HFpEF) |
Hasin et al. [55], 2012. | USA | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Retrospective | High Performance. ≥ 300 m: n = 45 (87%). 65 (53–69) years. Low Performance. < 300 m: n = 20 (75%). 68 (59–74) years. | HFrEF LVEF < 40% (20–31%) |
Passantino et al. [56], 2006. | Italy | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n: 476 (79%). 63.6 ± 11.9 years. High Performance. ≥ 300 m: n = 301. NS. Low Performance. < 300 m: n = 175. NS. | HFrEF LVEF < 40% (29.8 ± 9.7) |
Howie-Esquivel et al. [57], 2008. | USA | An Academic Medical Centre | Prospective | High Performance. > 200 m: n = 21 (73.3%). 61.7 ± 17.3 years. Low Performance. ≤ 200 m: n = 23 (26.7%). 57.6 ± 20.0 years. | Descompensated HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 40% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 40% (HFpEF) |
Zotter-Tufaro et al. [58], 2015. | Austria | Not Reported | Prospective | High Performance. > 300 m: n = 72 (31.95%). 67.8 ± 9.1 years. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m: n = 70 (28.6%). 73.1 ± 7.4 years. | HFpEF LVEF ≥ 50% |
Boxer et al. [59], 2010. | USA | University of Connecticut Health Centre | Prospective | All: n = 60 (71.66%). 78 ± 12.0 years. High Performance. > 300 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 40% |
Ingle et al. [60], 2014 | United Kingdom | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 600 (75%). 77.8 (71.5–83.6) years. High Performance. > 365 m. n = NS. Middle Performance. 271–365 m. n = NS. Low Performance. 61–270 m. n = NS. Very Low Performance. < 60 m. n = NS. | HFrEF LVEF < 45% |
Guazzi et al. [61], 2009. | Italy | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 253 (78.66%). 61.9 ± 10.1 years. High Performance. > 300 m. n = 175. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m. n = 78. NS | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 50% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 50% (HFpEF) |
McCabe et al. [62], 2017. | USA | An University Hospital | Prospective | All: n = 71 (57.7%). 52.6 ± 12.3 years. High Performance. > 300 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m. NS. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF = 24.4 ± 13.5 |
Vegh et al. [63], 2014. | USA | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 164 (77%). 67.3 ± 12.9 years. High Performance. ≥ 350 m. NS. Middle Performance. 280-350 m. NS. Low Performance. < 280 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF = 25% ± 7%. |
Roul et al. [64], 1998. | France | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 121 (81.8%). 59 ± 11 years. High Performance. > 300 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF = 29.6% ± 13% |
Frankenstein et al. [65], 2008. | Germany | Specialised HF clinic at the University of Heidelberg | Prospective | All: n = 1035 (80.2%) 54.9 ± 11.5 years. Mean 6MWT: 459 m ± 113 m | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 40% |
Mene-Afejuku et al. [66], 2017. | Nigeria | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 100 (NS). 64.02 ± 12.88 years. High Performance. 314.66 m ± 48.17 m. n = 59 (NS). 66.32 ± 12.29 years. Low Performance. 260.59 m ± 66.65 m. n = 41 (NS). 61.71 ± 13.46 years. | HHF (HFrEF and HFpEF) LVEF ≤ 40% (HFrEF) LVEF > 40% (HFpEF) |
Ingle et al. [67], 2007 | United Kingdom | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 1592 (60%). 74 (67–80) years. High Performance. ≥ 421 m. NS. Middle Performance. 346–420 m. NS. Low Performance. 241–345 m. NS. Very Low Performance. ≥ 240 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 45% |
Rostagno et al. [68], 2003. | Italy | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 214 (93%). 53.7 (29–70) years. High Performance. ≥ 450 m. NS. Middle Performance. 300–450 m. NS. Low Performance. < 300 m. NS. | Congestive HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 50% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 50% (HFpEF) |
Cahalin et al. [69], 1996. | USA | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 45 (89%). 49 ± 8 years. High Performance. ≥ 300 m. NS. Low Performance. < 300 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF = 20 ± 6 |
Frankenstein et al. [70], 2008. | Germany | Specialised HF clinic at the University of Heidelberg | Prospective | All: n = 1069 (80.6%) 55.2 ± 11.7 years. Mean 6MWT: 456 m ± 114 m | HFrEF LVEF = 29% ± 10% |
Rubim et al. [71], 2006. | Brazil | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 176 (67%). 58.32 ± 12.7 years. Mean 6MWT: 521.11 m ± 76.1 m. High Performance. ≥ 520 m. NS. Low Performance. < 520 m. NS. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF = 34.91% ± 12.4% |
Kanagala et al. [72], 2019. | United Kingdom | Clinical Care Setting (Tertiary Care Hospital) | Prospective | All: n = 140 (49%). 73 ± 9.0 years. Mean 6MWT: 180 m (120 m–250 m) | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF > 50% |
Zugck et al. [73], 2001. | Germany | Medical Clinic of the University of Heidelberg | Prospective | All: n = 208 (82%). 54 ± 10 years. Mean 6MWT: 455 m ± 107 m (170 m–692 m) | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 40% |
Cahalin et al. [74], 2013. | Italy | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 258 (NS). 63 ± 8.7 years. High Performance. > 300 m. NS. Low Performance. ≤ 300 m. NS. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 50% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥5 0% (HFpEF) |
Reibis et al. [75], 2010. | Germany | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 1346 (73%). 64 ± 10 years. Mean 6MWT: 350.1 m ± 148.6 m | HFrEF LVEF < 45% |
Castel et al. [76], 2009. | Spain | Not Reported | Retrospective | All: n = 155 (82%). 68.6 ± 7.8 years. High Performance. > 400 m. NS. Middle Performance. 310-400 m. NS. Low Performance. 225-310 m. NS. Very Low Performance. < 225 m. NS. | HFrEF LVEF ≤ 45% |
Kamiya et al. [77], 2017. | Japan | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care Centre) | Retrospective | All: n = 1474 (68%). 72.2 ± 7.1 years. High Performance. ≥ 446 m: n = 485 (84%). 68.5 ± 5.6 years. Middle Performance. 342-445 m: n = 497 (69%). 71.5 ± 6.3 years. Low Performance. ≤ 341 m: n = 492 (52%). 76.5 ± 7.0 years. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF = 52.7 ± 15.4 |
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | |||||
García et al. [78], 2019. | Spain | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | High Performance. SPPB > 7: n = 37 (54.1%). 83 ± 5.7 years. Low Performance. SPPB≤ 7: n = 49 (30.6%). 86 ± 6.7 years. | Acute HF |
Hornsby et al. [79], 2019. | USA | University of Michigan | Prospective | High Performance. SPPB≥ 10 points: n = 22 (55%). 64 ± 13.0 years. Middle Performance. SPPB = 7–9 points: n = 53 (42%). 67 ± 12.0 years. Low Performance. SPPB≤ 6 points: n = 39 (36%). 72 ± 13.0 years. | HFpEF HF LVEF ≥ 50% |
Chiarantini et al. [80], 2010. | Italy | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 157 (50.3%). 80 ± 0.5 years. High Performance. SPPB = 9–12: n = 32. NS. Middle Performance. SPPB = 5–8: n = 45. NS. Low Performance. SPPB = 1–4: n = 33. NS. Very Low Performance. SPPB = 0: n = 47. NS. | Descompensated HFrEF and HFpEF LVEF < 45% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 45% (HFpEF) |
Zaharias et al. [81], 2014. | USA | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care) | Prospective | All: n = 32 (78.1%). 58.2 ± 13.6 years. High Performance. SPPB = 10–12: n = 7. NS. Middle Performance. SPPB = 7–9: n = 8. NS. Low Performance. SPPB = 4–6: n = 12. NS. Very Low Performance. SPPB = 0–3: n = 4. NS. | HFrEF and HFpEF LVEF < 40% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 40% (HFpEF) |
Gait Speed (GS) | |||||
Lo et al. [82], 2015. | USA | Community Based Population | Prospective | High Performance. GS ≥ 0.8 m/s: n = 553 (59%). 73 ± 5.0 years. Low Performance. GS < 0.8 m/s: n = 566 (39%). 76 ± 6.0 years. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 45% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 45% (HFpEF) |
Pulignano et al. [83], 2016. | Italy | Clinical Care Setting (7 Secondary Care Centres) | Prospective | High Performance. GS ≥ 1.0 m/s: n = 88 (64.8%). 76.4 ± 4.8 years. Middle Performance. GS = 0.66–0.99 m/s: n = 128 (60.9%). 77.1 ± 4.7 years Low Performance. GS ≤ 0.65 m/s: n = 115 (48.7%). 80.2 ± 5.6 years. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 45% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 45% (HFpEF) |
Chaudhry et al. [84], 2013. | USA | Not Reported | Prospective | All: n = 758 (49.5%). 79.7 ± 6.2 years. High Performance. GS > 0.8 m/s: n = 441. NS. Low Performance. GS ≤ 0.8 m/s: n = 317. NS. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 45% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 45% (HFpEF) |
Tanaka et al. [85], 2018. | Japan | Kitasato University Hospital | Retrospective | All: n = 603 (62.7%). 74.9 ± 6.2 years. High Performance. GS > 1.14 m/s: n = 154. NS. Middle Performance. GS = 1.0–1.14 m/s. n = 149. NS. Low Performance. GS = 0.82–0.99 m/s. n = 150. NS. Very Low Performance. GS < 0.82 m/s: n = 150. NS. | Acute HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 40% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 40% (HFpEF) |
Tanaka et al. [86], 2019. | Japan | Kitasato University Hospital | Retrospective | High Performance. GS ≥ 0.8 m/s: n = 194 (72.7%). 73.1 ± 6.7 years. Low Performance. GS < 0.8 m/s: n = 194 (44.8%). 76.5 ± 8.4 years. | Acute HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 40% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 40% (HFpEF) |
Rodríguez-Pascual et al. [87], 2017. | Spain | Clinical Care Setting (6 Secondary Care Centres) | Prospective | High Performance. GS ≥ 0.65 m/s: n = 211 (47.9%). 84.4 ± 9.4 years. Low Performance. GS < 0.65 m/s: n = 286 (32.5%). 85.7 ± 5.1 years. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF ≤ 45% (HFrEF) LVEF > 45% (HFpEF) |
Vidán et al. [88], 2016. | Spain | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care Centre) | Prospective | All: n = 416 (50.5%). 80.0 ± 6.1 years. High Performance. GS ≥ 0.65 m/s. NS. Low Performance. GS < 0.65 m/s. NS. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF < 50% (HFrEF) LVEF ≥ 45% (HFpEF) LVEF = 43.4% ± 14.7% |
Kamiya et al. [77], 2017. | Japan | Clinical Care Setting (Secondary Care Centre) | Retrospective | All: n = 1474 (68%). 72.2 ± 7.1 years. High Performance. GS ≥ 1.17 m/s: n = 489 (82%). 68.7 ± 5.5 years. Middle Performance. GS = 0.95–1.160 m/s: n = 489 (67%). 71.8 ± 6.6 years. Low Performance. GS ≥ 0.94 m/s: n = 496 (55%). 76.1 ± 7.2 years. | HFpEF and HFrEF LVEF = 52.7 ± 15.4 |