Table 1 Changes in HbA1c with intervention observed across studies

Adams et al., 2015 [31]

7.3 ± 3.2

67

7.3 ± 3.2

67

NP

Gorrindo et al., 2014 [34]

9.6 ± 2.3

45

7.9 ± 1.8

45

< 0.0001

Janson et al., 2009 [35]

7.7 ± 1.7

384

7.7 ± 1.6

384

NP

Kahkoska et al., 2018 [36]

9.7 ± 1.6

29

9.2 ± 1.4

29

NP

Lee et al., 2016 [37]

9.2 ± NP

22

8.0 ± NP

22

NP

Martin et al., 2016 – uncontrolled [38]

9.3 ± NP

NP

7.6 ± NP

NP

NS

Martin et al., 2016 – controlled [38]

6.2 ± NP

NP

6.4 ± NP

NP

0.004

Mehta et al., 2016 [44]

9.5 ± 2.3

21

8.3 ± 2.2

21

0.008

Nuffer et al., 2012 [40]

7.7 ± 2.0

346

6.8 ± 1.1

346

< 0.001

Nagelkerk et al., 2018 [39]

7.3 ± NP

250

7.2 ± NP

250

0.346

Smith et al., 2014 [43]

9.2 ± 2.5

157

8.2 ± 2.2

157

< 0.001

Stroup et al., 2003 [45]

11.2 ± 1.3

30

10.0 ± 2.0

30

NP