Fig. 2

Surgical procedure of venography. a Inferior vena cava angiography showed smooth blood flow. b Insertion of a Cordis Optease vena cava filter. c The left iliac vein was severely narrowed and the pelvic collateral circulation remained open. d 14 mm–60 mm balloon dilatation of left iliac vein. e An E-lunimexx 14 mm–60 mm self-expanding stent was implanted into the left iliac vein. f The stent was in good position, and the expansion remained satisfactory