Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects

Subjects

186

110

76

–

Age (years)

67 (57–73)

64 (53.75–71)

70 (64.25–75)

0.000*

Sex (male/female)

74/112

39/71

35/41

0.147

Smoking (%)

76.88

78.18

75.00

0.613

Alcohol (%)

8.60

9.09

7.89

0.078

lipid-lowering drugs (%)

50.98

60.91

51.32

0.194

CVD (%)

20.43

17.27

25.00

0.199

Onset age of diabetes (years)

57.12 ± 11.16

54.76 ± 11.29

60.47 ± 10.13

0.001*

Duration of diabetes (years)

6 (3–10)

6 (3–10)

7 (4–12)

0.370

BMI (kg/m²)

24.63 ± 3.21

24.46 ± 3.19

24.88 ± 3.23

0.392

WC (cm)

81.43 ± 8.76

81.10 ± 8.75

81.90 ± 8.81

0.544

WHR

0.87 ± 0.06

0.87 ± 0.07

0.88 ± 0.06

0.077

SBP (mmHg)

140 (130–150)

140 (129.5–150)

142 (135–160)

0.001*

DBP (mmHg)

84 (78–92)

82 (76–90)

86 (80–94.75)

0.026*

FBG (mmol/L)

7.80 (6.45–10.00)

7.55 (6.3–9.65)

8.60 (6.90–10.10)

0.236

PBG (mmol/L)

15.73 ± 6.08

15.60 ± 6.16

15.93 ± 6.00

0.717

Fasting insulin (pmol/L)

12.20 (7.44–20.06)

12.22 (7.35–18.81)

12.20 (7.54–21.77)

0.387

2 h insulin (pmol/L)

46.49 (28.06–69.77)

47.46 (29.43–70.23)

43.99 (25.77–69.63)

0.780

Fasting C peptide (ng/mL)

2.94 (2.22–3.78)

2.96 (2.23–3.72)

2.91 (2.15–3.86)

0.622

2 h C peptide (ng/mL)

8.88 (6.61–11.74)

8.84 (7.07–10.92)

8.88 (6.45–12.67)

0.191

HOMA-IR

4.56 (2.39–7.99)

4.11 (2.23–7.42)

5.27 (2.72–9.22)

0.359

HbA1c (%)

6.70 (6.00–7.65)

6.70 (6.00–7.65)

6.80 (6.03–7.75)

0.730

BUN (mmol/L)

6.00 (5.00–7.15)

5.85 (5.00–6.70)

6.20 (5.20–7.70)

0.224

Scr (μmol/L)

65 (54–78)

62 (52–76)

68 (58–80)

0.441

Serum uric acid (μmol/L)

0.27 (0.24–0.33)

0.28 (0.23–0.33)

0.27 (0.24–0.33)

0.887

eGFR (mL·min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²)

121.15 ± 30.98

124.15 ± 31.80

116.74 ± 29.41

0.111

TC (mmol/L)

5.26 ± 1.18

5.07 ± 0.99

5.54 ± 1.38

0.008*

TG (mmol/L)

1.60 (1.07–2.16)

1.50 (1.09–2.11)

1.63 (1.01–2.28)

0.482

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.00 (2.40–3.40)

2.90 (2.40–3.30)

3.00 (2.40–3.60)

0.094

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.30 (1.05–1.50)

1.20 (1.00–1.50)

1.30 (1.10–1.60)

0.266

UACR (μg/mg)

14.42 (6.04–31.06)

11.29 (4.59–24.94)

20.17 (7.38–46.28)

0.651

CRP (mg/L)

3.05 (1.65–5.29)

6.92 (4.23–9.60)

8.80 (5.62–12.25)

0.019*

IMT (mm)

1.03 ± 0.42

0.78 ± 0.19

1.41 ± 0.38

0.000*

HSP27 (ng/mL)

7.85 (4.78–10.92)

6.93 (4.23–9.60)

8.80 (5.62–12.25)

0.007*