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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included participants

From: Association of household secondhand smoke exposure and mortality risk in patients with heart failure

 

Exposed

Unexposed

p

n

88

484

 

Male, %

47.3

47.7

0.943

Age, years

66.1 + 17.1

70.8 + 12.6

0.001

Race, %

  

0.003

 Non-Hispanic White

37.5

49.4

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

31.8

16.3

 

 Mexican-American

25.0

31.2

 

 Other

5.7

3.1

 

Region, %

  

0.162

 Northeast

12.5

12.4

 

 Midwest

14.8

17.6

 

 South

59.1

47.5

 

 West

13.6

22.5

 

Urbanization Classificationa, %

  

0.002

 1

55.7

61.8

 

 0

44.3

38.2

 

Education level, %

  

0.759

 Education<12y

65.5

67.2

 

 Education≥12y

34.5

32.8

 

Economic Status, %

 Poverty income ratio < 2

64.5

68.2

0.509

 Poverty income ratio ≥ 2

35.5

31.8

 

 Family income< 20,000 dollars

60.4

73

0.019

 Family income≥20,000 dollars

39.6

27

 

 Military service, %

18.2

18.5

0.941

Household Size, %

 1 person

0

124 (25.6)

< 0.001

 2 persons

26 (29.6)

223 (46.1)

 

  ≥ 3 persons

62 (70.5)

137 (28.3)

 

Medication, %

 ACEI

17 (19.3)

105 (21.7)

0.617

 β-Blocker

6 (6.82)

79 (16.32)

0.021

 Diuretic

30 (34.1)

216 (44.6)

0.066

 Digitalis

25 (29.4)

144 (29.6)

0.799

Ex-smoker, %

51.0

46.6

0.443

Comorbidities, %

 Hypertensionb

75.0

74.6

0.935

 Diabetesc

33.0

35.1

0.694

 Hypercholesterolemiad

71.6

70.3

0.819

 COPD/emphysemae

22.7

30.2

0.157

 Chronic kidney diseasef

71.5

76.8

0.309

 History of myocardial infarction

39.8

52.2

0.033

Self-reported general health status, %

  

0.535

 Poor

31.2

27.9

 

 Good or fair

68.8

72.1

 

Hospitalization during last year

43.2

38.9

0.445

See doctors > 5 times during last year

45.4

51.4

0.311

Physical functioning:

Difficulty in walking 10 steps without rest, %

0.148

 Yes

62.7

53.5

 

 No

37.3

46.5

 

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

142.2 + 24.1

141.7 + 23.7

0.849

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

77.3 + 14.3

73.8 + 13.5

0.028

Heart rate, bpm

74.4 + 12.3

72.6 + 12.9

0.234

NHANES III phase, %

  

0.314

 1988–1991

54 (61.4)

269 (55.6)

 

 1991–1994

34 (38.6)

215 (44.4)

 

Mean follow-up, years

9.3 ± 7.1

9.2 ± 6.9

0.920

  1. a1: Central or fringe counties of metro areas with a population of more than 1 million; 0: All other areas
  2. bBP ≥140/90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medications or self-report
  3. cHbA1c ≥ 6.5% or on diabetes medications or self-report
  4. dTotal serum cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or on anti-cholesterol medications or self-report
  5. eForced expiratory volume 1/forced vital capacity ratio < 0.7 or self-report
  6. fUrine albumin to urine creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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