Table 3 Differential Diagnosis for Blood Culture Negative Endocarditis by Etiology^a

⦁ Bartonella species.

⦁ Antiphospholipid syndrome

⦁ Brucella melitensis

⦁ Atrial myxoma

⦁ Chlamydia species

⦁ Marantic endocarditis

⦁ Corynebacterium species

⦁ Libman-Sachs endocarditis

⦁ Coxiella burnetii

⦁ Mural thrombi

⦁ Enterobacteriaceae species

⦁ Lambl’s excrescences

⦁ Fungal species (mostly Candida)

⦁ Cholesterol emboli

⦁ HACEK bacteria

⦁ Vasculitis (Behcet’s)

⦁ Legionella species

⦁ Paradoxical emboli

⦁ Mycoplasma species

⦁ Left atrial thrombi

⦁ Staphylococcus species

⦁ Streptococcus species

⦁ Tropheryma whipplei