Table 4 Demographic and socioeconomic determinants associated with hypertension in older adults in Africa

Nigeria

Abegunde 2013 [24]

Compared with males: Females OR = 1.551; (1.01–2.39; P = 0.046)

Decreasing monthly income: OR = 0.798; 95%CI = 0.677–0.940; P = 0.007

Ghana

Boateng 2017 [21]

Compared with males: Female sex RR 1.33 (1.04, 1.69) p ≤ 0.05 (Stage 1 SHTN); RR = 1.66 (1.28, 2.15) p ≤ 0.001 (Stage 2 SHTN).

Compared with urban residents: rural RR = 0.86 (0.65, 1.13), NS (Stage 1 SHTN); RR = 0.79 (0.59, 1.05), NS (Stage 2 SHTN).

Compared with the poorest adults: the next poor quintile group 2, RR 1.47 (1.02, 2.09) p ≤ 0.05 (Stage 1 SHTN); all other quintile groups NS for stage 1 or stage 2 SHTN

Ghana

Boateng 2017 [21]

Compared with males: Female sex RR 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) NS (Stage 1 DHTN); RR = 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) NS (Stage 2 DHTN).

Compared with urban residents: rural RR = 0.91 (0.69, 1.19), NS (Stage 1 DHTN); RR = 0.79 (0.61, 1.02), NS (Stage 2 DHTN).

Compared with the poorest adults: the next poor quintile group 2, RR 1.47 (1.03, 2.13) p ≤ 0.05 (Stage 1 DHTN); all other quintile groups NS for stage 1 or stage 2 DHTN

Tanzania

Dewhurst 2013 [25]

Compared with 70–74-year age group: ≥85y OR = 1.53 (1.13–2.08); 75–79 years OR 1.13 (0.89–1.44); 80–84 years OR 1.18 (0.88–1.58)

Compared with males: female, OR 1.80 (1.48–2.20)

Compared with lowland village dwelling: upland dwelling, OR = 1.52 (1.21–1.92)

Tunisia

Hammami 2011 [26]

NS

NS

NS

NS

Ghana

Lloyd-Sherlock 2014 [18]

50–54 (ref.): 55–59 years, OR 1.12 (0.91–1.38); 60–64 years, OR 1.24(0.99–1.56); 65–69 years, OR 1.53 (1.21–1.95); 70–74 years, OR 1.32 (1.04–1.67); 75+ years, OR 1.28 (1.02–1.61)

Female, OR 1.16 (1.00–1.35)

Urban (ref.): rural OR 0.73 (0.63–0.85)

Primary (ref.): None, OR 0.82 (0.69–0.98); Secondary, OR 0.76 (0.53–1.10); Higher, OR 0.96 (0.78–1.18)

Poorest wealth quintile (ref.): Q2, OR 1.11 (0.90–1.38); Q3, OR 1.77 (0.95–1.45); Q4, OR 1.77 (0.94–1.47); Richest, OR 1.16 (0.91–1.48)

South Africa

Lloyd-Sherlock 2014 [18]

50–54 (ref.): 55–59 years, OR 1.31 (1.13–2.07); 60–64 years, OR 1.53 (0.99–1.56); 65–69 years, OR 1.50 (1.07–2.09); 70–74 years, OR 1.53 (1.02–2.29); 75+ years, OR 1.83 (1.25–2.68)

Female, OR 1.29 (1.05–1.59)

Urban (ref.): rural OR 1.04 (0.83–1.31)

Primary (ref.): None, OR 1.11 (0.85–1.43); Secondary, OR 0.77 (0.57–1.04); Higher, OR 0.67 (0.48–0.93)

Poorest wealth quintile (ref.): Q2, OR 0.87 (0.64–1.17); Q3, OR 1.03 (0.75–1.42); Q4, OR 1.26 (0.90–1.78); Richest, OR 1.26 (0.88–1.80)

Ghana

Lloyd-Sherlock 2017 [19]

50–54 (ref.): 55–59 years, OR 1.08 (0.85–1.38); 60–64 years, OR 1.19 (0.91–1.54); 65–69 years, OR 1.36 (1.04–1.78); 70–74 years, OR 1.20 (0.92–1.58); 75+ years, OR 1.09 (0.84–1.40)

Female, OR 1.31 (1.12–1.54)

Urban (ref.): rural OR 0.64 (0.52–0.79)

Primary (ref.): None, OR 0.80 (0.66–0.98); Secondary, OR 0.77 (0.51–1.16); Higher, OR 0.94 (0.74–1.19)

Poorest wealth quintile (ref.): Q2, OR 1.20 (0.99–1.46); Q3, OR 1.36 (1.06–1.74); Q4, OR 1.55 (1.19–2.01); Richest, OR 1.68 (1.28–2.21)

South Africa

Lloyd-Sherlock 2017 [19]

50–54 (ref.): 55–59 years, OR 1.36 (0.93–1.98); 60–64 years, OR 1.58 (0.99–2.54); 65–69 years, OR 1.52 (1.03–2.26); 70–74 years, OR 1.38 (0.79–2.41); 75+ years, OR 1.62 (1.09–2.40)

Female, OR 1.42 (1.09–1.85)

Urban (ref.): rural OR 1.42 (1.09–1.85)

Primary (ref.): None, OR 1.09 (0.81–1.48); Secondary, OR 0.86 (0.57–1.28); Higher, OR 0.59 (0.39–0.90)

Poorest wealth quintile (ref.): Q2, OR 1.00 (0.62–1.62); Q3, OR 1.24 (0.76–2.04); Q4, OR 1.43 (0.88–2.33); Richest, OR 1.80 (1.04–3.12)

Senegal

Macia 2012 [30]

50–59 year age group (ref.): 60-69y, OR = 1.94 (1.22–3.07), p < 0.01; ≥70y, OR = 2.54 (1.45–4.44), p < 0.01

Males (ref.): Females OR 1.01 (0.66–1.56)

Schooling ≥9 years (ref.): None, OR 1.28 (0.73–2.23);1–8 years, OR 1.23 (0.71–2.14)

Kenya

Mathenge 2010 [31]

Age adjusted

Sex adjusted

Urban (ref.): rural OR 0.77 (0.67–0.91)

SES adjusted

SES adjusted

Ghana

Minicuci 2014 [22]

50–64 (ref.): 65–74 years, OR 1.28 (1.05–1.55); ≥75 years, OR 1.14 (0.90–1.45)

Males (ref.): Females OR 1.14 (0.94–1.38)

Urban (ref.): rural OR 0.77 (0.61–0.97)

None (ref.): Primary, OR 1.07 (0.89–1.30); Secondary, OR 0.90 (0.60–1.35); High school completed, OR 1.15 (0.90–1.46); Tertiary or higher, OR 0.67 (0.43–1.06)

Ghana

Nuertey 2017 [34]

Age adjusted

Sex adjusted

Region of residence adjusted

Education adjusted

Social class adjusted

South Africa

Peltzer 2013 [23]

50–59 (ref.): 60–69 years, OR 1.30 (0.94–1.79); ≥70 years, OR 1.19 (0.80–1.78)

Males (ref.): Females OR 1.18 (0.61–1.25)

CAR, Congo

Pilleron 2017 [36]

Age (continuous variable); OR = 1.02 (95% CI 1.01–1.04)

NS, OR = 0.98 (0.70–1.37); p = 0.924

Urban (ref.): rural OR 0.92 (0.71–1.19), p value = 0.528.

Living in Congo vs. CAR: OR 1.68 (1.31–2.16) p < 0.001

Having primary education vs. not having it; OR = 1.09 (0.81–1.46); p = 0.566

Compared with previous occupation as employee/government employee: craftsman/storekeeper OR 1.59 (1.10–2.31); Farmer/breeder/fisherman OR = 1.65 (1.13–2.41); Jobless OR = 1.83 (1.03–3.28).

Nigeria

Raji 2017 [37]

Age > 69 years, OR 1.16 (0.78–1.72), p value = 0.443

Males (ref.): Females OR 0.62 (0.48–0.79), p value = 0.001; NS

Urban/semi-urban (ref.): Rural OR 0.53 (0.72–0.98); p = 0.04

Non-high education (ref.): High educational level OR 2.55 (1.02–6.38), p value = 0.045

High SES, OR 1.50 (0.80–2.86), NS

Uganda

Scholten 2011 [38]

50–59 (ref.): 60–69 years, OR 1.13, NS; ≥70 years, OR 2.48; p = 0.01

Males (ref.): Females OR 1.47; NS

Urban (ref.): Rural OR 0.57; p = 0.04

Primary (ref.): None, OR 1.35, NS; Secondary or higher, OR 1.38; NS

Cameroon

Tianyi 2017 [39]

NS

NS

NS

Compared with low occupational level (unskilled workers): medium or high level occupational level: OR = 0.56 (0.23–1.32); P = 0.183

Ghana

Tyrovolas 2015 [20]

Adjusted for age, sex and marital status

Adjusted for age, sex and marital status

Compared with ≤primary level: Secondary OR 1.11 (0.89–1.38), NS; ≥Tertiary, OR 0.66 (0.41–1.06), NS

Compared with middle wealth quintile: Poorest OR 0.83 (0.65–1.07), NS; Poorer, OR 1.02 (0.80–1.30); Richer, OR 1.10 (0.86–1.41); Richest, OR 1.15 (0.87–1.52)

South Africa

Tyrovolas 2015 [20]

Adjusted for age, sex and marital status

Adjusted for age, sex and marital status

Compared with ≤primary level: Secondary OR 0.66 (0.46–0.95), p < 0.05; ≥Tertiary, OR 0.66 (0.41–1.06), NS

Compared with middle wealth quintile: Poorest OR 0.85 (0.54–1.35), NS; Poorer, OR 0.78 (0.49–1.24); Richer, OR 0.87 (0.54–1.39); Richest, OR 1.14 (0.69–1.89)